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| List of Figures | |
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| List of Tables | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Seeking New Lands, Seeing with New Eyes | |
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| Dangers and Opportunities in a Shrinking World | |
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| Leaders in Transition | |
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| The State: One Focus among Many | |
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| What Is the State? | |
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| Types of States | |
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| Strong and Weak States | |
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| Comparative Politics | |
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| Three Templates | |
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| The Political System | |
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| Historical and Contemporary Factors | |
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| State, Society, and Globalization | |
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| Five Themes | |
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| Using This Book | |
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| Industrialized Democracies | |
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| The Industrialized Democracies | |
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| Four Elections | |
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| The United States | |
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| Great Britain | |
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| France | |
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| Germany | |
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| Common and Not-So-Common Themes | |
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| Thinking about Democracy | |
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| The Basics | |
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| Which Countries Are Democracies? | |
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| Key Questions | |
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| The Origins of the Democratic State | |
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| The Origins of Democratic Thought | |
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| Building Democracies | |
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| Political Culture and Participation | |
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| The Civic Culture? | |
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| Political Parties and Elections | |
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| Catch-All Parties | |
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| New Divisions | |
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| Realignment? | |
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| Interest Groups | |
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| Political Protest | |
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| The Democratic State | |
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| Presidential and Parliamentary Systems | |
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| The Rest of the State | |
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| Public Policy | |
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| The Interventionist State | |
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| Foreign Policy | |
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| Feedback | |
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| Conclusion: The Worst Form of Government Except for All the Others? | |
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| The United States | |
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| A More Normal Election | |
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| Thinking about the United States | |
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| The Making of the American State | |
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| The Constitutional Order | |
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| Since the Founders | |
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| The American People and Politics | |
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| The American Political Culture | |
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| Parties and Elections | |
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| Social Movements | |
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| The Weak American State | |
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| The Legislative Process | |
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| The Rest of the Weak State | |
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| Consensus Policy Making | |
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| Public Policy | |
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| Feedback | |
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| Conclusion: American Exceptionalism | |
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| Great Britain | |
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| Tony's Tough Week | |
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| Thinking about Britain | |
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| Key Questions | |
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| The Basics | |
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| The Evolution of the British State | |
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| The Broad Sweep of British History | |
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| The Collectivist Consensus | |
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| British Political Culture | |
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| The Civic Culture and the Collectivist Years | |
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| The Politics of Protest: Toward an Uncivic Culture? | |
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| The Civic Culture Holds | |
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| Will There Always Be a Britain? | |
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| Political Participation | |
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| The Conservatives | |
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| Labour | |
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| The Liberal Democrats | |
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| Minor Parties | |
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| The British Electorate | |
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| Interest Groups | |
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| The British State: Enduring Myths and Changing Realities | |
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| The Monarchy and the Lords: Still Dignified? | |
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| Parliamentary Sovereignty-Sort of | |
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| Cabinet Government? | |
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| The Rest of the State | |
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| Public Policy: The Thatcher and Blair Revolutions | |
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| Domestic Politics | |
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| Foreign Policy | |
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| Feedback | |
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| Conclusion: Blair's Legacy and British Democracy | |
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| France | |
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| Not a Contradiction in Terms | |
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| Thinking about France | |
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| Key Questions | |
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| The Basics | |
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| The Evolution of the French State: Centuries of Turmoil | |
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| Transformation and Division | |
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| Traditional Republican Politics: A Vicious Circle | |
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| From the Fourth to the Fifth Republic | |
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| French Political Culture: From Alienation toward Consensus | |
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| Taming Political Protest | |
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| New Divisions | |
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| Political Participation | |
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| Renewing the Party System | |
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| Why These Changes Happened: The French Electoral System | |
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| Parity: A Victory for Feminism? | |
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| Interest Groups | |
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| The French State | |
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| A New Constitution for a New State | |
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| The Integrated Elite | |
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| Local Government | |
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| The Courts | |
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| The Changing Role of the State | |
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| Public Policy: The Pursuit of Grandeur | |
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| Economic Policy | |
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| The Politics of Headscarves | |
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| Foreign Policy | |
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| Feedback | |
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| Conclusion: A Remarkable Turnaround | |
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| Germany | |
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| A Telling Snapshot | |
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| Thinking about Germany | |
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| The Basics | |
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| Key Questions | |
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| The Evolution of the German State: The German Questions | |
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| Unification and the Kaiser's Reich | |
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| Weimar and the Rise of Hitler | |
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| The Third Reich | |
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| Occupation and the Two Germanys | |
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| Building a Democratic Germany | |
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| Creating a Democratic Political Culture | |
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| Political Participation | |
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| Parties and the Electoral Process | |
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| The Christian Democrats | |
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| The Social Democrats | |
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| The Free Democratic Party | |
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| The Greens | |
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| The Party of Democratic Socialism | |
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| The Far Right | |
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| Interest Groups | |
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| The German State: A Smoothly Functioning Democracy | |
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| Chancellor Democracy | |
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| The Bundestag | |
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| The Bundesrat | |
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| The Federal System | |
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| The Civil Service | |
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| The Constitutional Court | |
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| Corporatism | |
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| Public Policy: Modell Deutschland | |
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| The Social Market Economy | |
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| Unification | |
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| Feedback | |
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| Conclusion: Democratization | |
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| The European Union | |
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| You Say You Want a Constitution? | |
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| Thinking about the EU | |
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| Who's In? Who's Out? | |
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| The New Europe | |
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| Three Pillars | |
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| Key Questions | |
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| The Evolution of the EU | |
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| Not Such a New Idea | |
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| Creating the Common Market | |
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| Political Culture and Participation in the EU | |
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| The European State? | |
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| The Commission | |
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| The Council | |
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| The European Court of Justice | |
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| The European Parliament | |
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| The Complexity of EU Decision Making | |
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| Next Steps? | |
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| The EU and National Sovereignty | |
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| Public Policy in the EU | |
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| The Internal Market | |
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| The Common Agricultural Policy | |
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| Feedback | |
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| Conclusion: A Balance Sheet | |
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| |
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| The Crisis of Communism | |
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| Current and Former Communist Regimes | |
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| Good Bye, Lenin | |
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| Thinking about the Current and Former Communist Regimes | |
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| Thinking about Communism | |
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| The Leninist State | |
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| Command Economies | |
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| Key Questions | |
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| Socialism, Marxism, Leninism | |
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| Socialism | |
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| Marxism | |
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| Marxism-Leninism | |
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| Stalinism | |
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| Expansion | |
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| De-Stalinization | |
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| The Marxist-Leninist State | |
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| The Party State | |
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| The Graying of Communism | |
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| The Crisis of Communism: Suicide by Public Policy | |
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| Reform: Too Little, Too Late | |
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| 1989: The Year That Changed the World | |
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| The Remnants of the Communist World | |
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| Transitions | |
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| (Relative) Success: Eastern and Central Europe | |
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| Troubled Transitions: The Former Soviet Union | |
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| |
| Ethnic Conflict | |
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| |
| What's Left of Marxism? | |
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| |
| Feedback | |
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| Conclusion: The End of an Era | |
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| |
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| Russia | |
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| |
| Guilty until Proven Guilty | |
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| Thinking about Russia | |
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| The Basics | |
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| Key Questions | |
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| The Evolution of the Russian State | |
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| The Broad Sweep of Russian History | |
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| Prelude to Revolution | |
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| Lenin and the (Wrong?) Revolution | |
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| Stalin, Terror, and the Modernization of the Soviet Union | |
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| Khrushchev, Brezhnev, and the Politics of Decline | |
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| The Collapse of the Soviet State: The Gorbachev Years | |
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| Crisis and Collapse | |
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| Between Dictatorship and Democracy | |
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| Birth Pangs | |
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| |
| Putin and Stability | |
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| |
| Political Culture and Participation | |
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| Political Culture | |
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| Political Parties and Elections | |
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| The Russian State | |
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| The Presidency | |
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| The Oligarchs | |
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| The Parliament | |
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| The Bureaucracy | |
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| The Judiciary | |
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| The Federation | |
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| The Military | |
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| Public Policy | |
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| |
| The Economy | |
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| Foreign Policy | |
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| |
| Feedback | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion: Half Empty or Half Full | |
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| |
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| China | |
| |
| |
| Hu's on First | |
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| |
| Thinking about China | |
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| The Basics | |
| |
| |
| Key Questions | |
| |
| |
| The Evolution of the Chinese State | |
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| |
| The Broad Sweep of Chinese History | |
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| |
| A Failed Revolution | |
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| |
| China Stands Up | |
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| |
| Factionalism | |
| |
| |
| Since Mao's Death | |
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| |
| Political Culture and Participation | |
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| |
| A Blank Slate? A Cultural Revolution? | |
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| |
| Participation from the Top Down | |
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| |
| From the Bottom Up? | |
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| |
| Dissent | |
| |
| |
| The Party State | |
| |
| |
| A New Kind of Party? | |
| |
| |
| The Road to Power | |
| |
| |
| Variations on a Theme | |
| |
| |
| Public Policy: Perestroika without Glasnost | |
| |
| |
| Economic Reform | |
| |
| |
| Foreign Policy | |
| |
| |
| Feedback | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion: Kadan or Communism? | |
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| |
| |
| The Third World | |
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| |
| |
| The Third World | |
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| |
| Coltan and Politics | |
| |
| |
| Thinking about the Third World | |
| |
| |
| The Basics | |
| |
| |
| Key Questions | |
| |
| |
| The Evolution of Politics in the Third World | |
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| |
| Imperialism and Its Legacy | |
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| |
| Independence | |
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| |
| Postcolonial Problems | |
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| |
| Political Culture in the Third World | |
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| |
| Identity | |
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| Ethnic and Other Divisions | |
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| |
| A Lack of Legitimacy | |
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| |
| Political Participation in the Third World | |
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| |
| Weak States | |
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| Types of States | |
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| |
| States and Power | |
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| |
| Public Policy: The Myths and Realities of Development | |
| |
| |
| Import Substitution | |
| |
| |
| Structural Adjustment | |
| |
| |
| The International Financial Institutions | |
| |
| |
| Foreign Aid | |
| |
| |
| Microcredit | |
| |
| |
| Feedback | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion: Democratization | |
| |
| |
| |
| India | |
| |
| |
| Who Gives a Dam? | |
| |
| |
| Thinking about India | |
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| |
| The Basics | |
| |
| |
| Key Questions | |
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| |
| The Evolution of Indian Politics | |
| |
| |
| The Weight of History | |
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| |
| British Colonialism | |
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| |
| The Struggle for Independence | |
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| |
| The New Republic | |
| |
| |
| Centralization and Fragmentation | |
| |
| |
| Coalition Politics | |
| |
| |
| Political Culture | |
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| |
| Challenges to Culture and Country | |
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| |
| Support for the Regime | |
| |
| |
| The Challenge of Modernization | |
| |
| |
| Political Participation | |
| |
| |
| The End of the Congress System | |
| |
| |
| The BJP | |
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| The Other Parties | |
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| |
| The Election of 2004 | |
| |
| |
| Interest Groups | |
| |
| |
| The Indian State | |
| |
| |
| The Constitution | |
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| |
| Parliament | |
| |
| |
| The Bureaucracy | |
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| |
| Federalism | |
| |
| |
| Public Policy | |
| |
| |
| Confronting Communal Violence | |
| |
| |
| Stimulating the Economy | |
| |
| |
| Feedback | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion: Democracy in India and the Third World | |
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| |
| |
| Iran | |
| |
| |
| Teaching Lolita in Tehran | |
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| |
| Iran: The Basics | |
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| |
| Persia versus Iran | |
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| |
| Shiite versus Sunni | |
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| |
| Persia versus Shiism | |
| |
| |
| Social and Economic Conditions | |
| |
| |
| Key Questions | |
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| |
| The Evolution of the Iranian State | |
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| |
| Before Islam | |
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| |
| The Arrival and Consolidation of Islam | |
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| |
| The Last Shahs | |
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| |
| The Islamic Republic | |
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| |
| The People and Politics | |
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| |
| Political Culture | |
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| |
| Protest and Challenges to the Islamic Republic | |
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| |
| Elections and the Propects for Democracy in Iran | |
| |
| |
| The Iranian State | |
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| |
| The Unelected Elements | |
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| |
| The Elected Institutions | |
| |
| |
| The Routinization of Charisma | |
| |
| |
| Public Policy | |
| |
| |
| Faith and Gender | |
| |
| |
| The Economy | |
| |
| |
| Iran and the United States: Axis of Evil? | |
| |
| |
| Feedback | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion: Uncertainty | |
| |
| |
| |
| Iraq | |
| |
| |
| Before We Begin | |
| |
| |
| What a Difference a Year Can Make-In Either Direction | |
| |
| |
| Thinking about Iraq | |
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| |
| The Basics | |
| |
| |
| The Evolution of the Iraqi State | |
| |
| |
| Political Culture and Participation | |
| |
| |
| The State under Saddam Hussein | |
| |
| |
| Public Policy | |
| |
| |
| The Third War and the New Iraq | |
| |
| |
| A Decade of Tension | |
| |
| |
| The Third War | |
| |
| |
| Occupation and Insurgency | |
| |
| |
| The Insurrection | |
| |
| |
| The New Iraq? | |
| |
| |
| Feedback | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nigeria | |
| |
| |
| A New Democracy? | |
| |
| |
| Thinking about Nigeria | |
| |
| |
| Poverty | |
| |
| |
| Ethnicity | |
| |
| |
| High Stakes Politics | |
| |
| |
| Key Questions | |
| |
| |
| The Evolution of the Nigerian State | |
| |
| |
| Before the British | |
| |
| |
| Colonization | |
| |
| |
| Colonial Rule | |
| |
| |
| Independence | |
| |
| |
| The First Republic | |
| |
| |
| Military Rule I | |
| |
| |
| The Second Republic | |
| |
| |
| Military Rule II | |
| |
| |
| Military Rule III | |
| |
| |
| Political Culture | |
| |
| |
| Mass Political Culture | |
| |
| |
| Elite Culture | |
| |
| |
| Nonelectoral Participation | |
| |
| |
| Political Parties and Elections | |
| |
| |
| The Fragile Nigerian State | |
| |
| |
| The Fourth Republic | |
| |
| |
| The Personalization of Power | |
| |
| |
| Corruption | |
| |
| |
| Federalism | |
| |
| |
| Public Policy | |
| |
| |
| Democratization | |
| |
| |
| Economic Development and Structural Adjustment | |
| |
| |
| Feedback | |
| |
| |
| Nigeria and the Plight of the Third World | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mexico | |
| |
| |
| A Failing Presidency? | |
| |
| |
| Thinking about Mexico | |
| |
| |
| The Basics | |
| |
| |
| Big Brother Is Watching | |
| |
| |
| Key Questions | |
| |
| |
| The Evolution of Mexican Politics | |
| |
| |
| The Colonial Era | |
| |
| |
| Independence | |
| |
| |
| The Revolution | |
| |
| |
| Institutionalizing the Revolution | |
| |
| |
| Cardenas and His Legacy | |
| |
| |
| An Institutional Revolutionary Party | |
| |
| |
| Political Culture | |
| |
| |
| Political Participation | |
| |
| |
| The PRI and Its Hold on Power | |
| |
| |
| The Other Parties | |
| |
| |
| The People, the PRI, and Civil Society | |
| |
| |
| The Mexican State | |
| |
| |
| Nonreelection and Presidential Domination | |
| |
| |
| The Cabinet, the Bureaucracy, and the Judiciary | |
| |
| |
| Congress and the Legislative Process | |
| |
| |
| The Federal System | |
| |
| |
| The Military | |
| |
| |
| Corporatism and Corruption | |
| |
| |
| Public Policy | |
| |
| |
| Debt and Development | |
| |
| |
| U.S.-Mexican Relations | |
| |
| |
| Feedback | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion: Mexico and the Third World | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Danger...and Opportunity | |
| |
| |
| Crisis | |
| |
| |
| Danger | |
| |
| |
| The Growing Cost of Violence and War | |
| |
| |
| Environmental Abuse | |
| |
| |
| The Perilous Global Economy | |
| |
| |
| Lives without Dignity | |
| |
| |
| The Wheel of Fortune | |
| |
| |
| Constraints on States and Citizens | |
| |
| |
| Opportunity: A Change in the Way We Think | |
| |
| |
| Ways of Thinking | |
| |
| |
| Conventional Values | |
| |
| |
| Cooperative Problem Solving | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Systemically | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion: Student and Citizen | |