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| Preface | |
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| An Introduction to the Study of Stress | |
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| What Is Stress? | |
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| Definitions of Stress | |
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| Stimulus Definitions | |
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| Response Definitions | |
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| Stimulus-Response Definitions | |
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| The Psychology of Stress: The Role of Appraisal | |
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| The Physiology of Stress | |
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| The Fight or Flight Response | |
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| The General Adaptation Syndrome | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Models of Stress | |
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| Biological/Medical Stress Models | |
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| Selye's General Theory of Stress | |
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| Contemporary Biological Models | |
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| Behavioral Science Stress Models | |
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| General Life Models | |
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| Cognitive-Transactional/Phenomenological Model | |
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| Conflict-Theory Model | |
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| Job-Related Model | |
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| Person-Environment Fit Model (or P-E fit) | |
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| Job Demands-Job Decision Latitude Model | |
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| Process Model of Task Performance | |
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| Integrative Transactional Process Model | |
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| Conservation of Resources Theory | |
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| Cybernetic Theory of Stress | |
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| Stressor and Response-Specific Models | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Stress Methods and Measures | |
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| Stress Research Methods | |
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| Stress Measurement Criteria | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Validity | |
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| Types of Stress Measures | |
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| Self-Report Measures | |
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| Behavioral Measures | |
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| Medical Measures | |
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| Selected Examples of Organizational Stress Research | |
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| The Laboratory Experiment | |
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| The Field Experiment | |
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| The Ex Post Facto Field Study | |
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| Current Methodological Topics in Organizational Stress Research | |
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| Subjective versus Objective Measures | |
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| Statistical Advancements: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Meta-Analyses | |
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| Common Method Variance | |
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| Negative Affectivity (NA) | |
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| Cross-sectional versus Longitudinal Research | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| The Nature of Job-Related Stress | |
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| Macro-Level Work Stressors: The Occupation and Physical/Organizational Environment | |
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| The Job or Occupation | |
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| Police and Firefighters | |
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| Social Workers and Teachers | |
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| Health-Care Workers | |
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| Air Traffic Controllers | |
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| Office and Managerial Workers | |
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| The Physical Work Environment | |
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| Noise | |
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| Temperature | |
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| Heat | |
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| Cold | |
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| Interaction Effects of Environmental Stressors | |
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| The Organizational Environment | |
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| Routinized Work | |
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| Shift Work | |
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| Circadian Rhythms and Stress | |
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| Health | |
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| Attitudes and Social Factors | |
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| Shift work Coping Strategies | |
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| Blue-Collar versus White-Collar Work | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Micro-Level Work Sressors: Role-Stress and Contemporary Sources of Stress | |
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| Role-Stressors at Work | |
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| The Role Episode Model: The Birth of Work-Role Stressors | |
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| Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity | |
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| Other Work-Role Stressors | |
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| A Critique of Organizational Role Stress Research | |
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| Contemporary Stressors | |
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| Work-Family Conflict | |
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| Models of Work and Family Conflict | |
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| Limitations of Work and Family Conflict Research | |
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| Stress Associated with Managerial Work | |
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| Dual-Career Generalizations | |
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| Solutions to the Dual-Career Dilemma | |
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| Computerization and Automation | |
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| Electronic Performance Monitoring (EPM) | |
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| Organizational Change and Transition | |
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| Downsizing and Job Loss | |
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| Models of Job Loss | |
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| Survivors of Job Loss | |
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| Downsizing from a Management Perspective | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Personal and Organizational Strains and Moderators Health, Attitudes, Performance, and Individual Differences | |
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| Stressful Life Events, Daily Hassles, and Strains | |
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| Stressful Life Events (SLEs) | |
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| Defining SLEs | |
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| SLEs and Strains | |
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| Critique of SLE Research | |
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| Daily Hassles | |
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| Daily Hassles versus SLEs | |
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| Critique of Hassles Research | |
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| Organizational Stressors and Strains | |
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| Work-Related Stressors and Psychological Strains | |
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| Models of Job Stressors and Attitudes | |
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| Downsizing and Job Attitudes | |
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| Work-Related Stressors and Behavioral Strains | |
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| Work-Related Stressors and Burnout | |
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| Defining Burnout | |
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| Measuring Burnout | |
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| Moderators of the Stress Process: Individual and Contextual Differences | |
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| Gender | |
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| Ethnicity | |
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| Type A Behavior Pattern | |
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| Defining TABP | |
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| TABP and Heart Disease | |
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| Measuring TABP | |
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| Hardiness | |
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| Defining Hardiness | |
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| Critique of Hardiness Research | |
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| Culture | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Coping with Work Stress | |
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| The Meaning of Coping | |
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| Psychoanalytic Perspective | |
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| Behavioristic Perspective | |
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| Physiological Perspective | |
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| Evolutionary/Biological Perspective | |
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| Cognitive Perspective | |
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| Definitions of Coping | |
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| Schuler's (1985) Process Model of Coping | |
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| Coping as a Dynamic Process | |
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| Implications of Schuler's Model | |
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| The Measurement of Coping | |
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| Specific Measures of Coping | |
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| Coping Measures Designed for the Work Setting | |
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| Methodological Issues | |
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| Choosing Coping Strategies: The Trait versus Situation Debate | |
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| Individual Differences in Coping | |
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| Situational Influences on Coping Activities | |
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| Evidence for Interactive Effects | |
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| Coping Efficacy | |
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| The Role of Social Support | |
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| Theoretical Models of Social Support | |
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| Measures of Social Support | |
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| New Perspectives on Social Support | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Stress Management | |
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| Stress Management at the Organizational Level | |
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| Role Stress and Group Conflict | |
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| Structural Changes | |
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| Evaluation Research | |
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| The Stress Audit | |
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| Stress Management at the Individual Level | |
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| Teaching Effective Control-Coping Skills | |
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| Employee Assistance Programs (EAP) | |
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| Alleviating the Consequences of Stress | |
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| Relaxation/Meditation Techniques | |
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| Biofeedback | |
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| Exercise | |
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| Evaluation Research | |
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| Stress Management for Specific Purposes | |
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| Reducing Burnout | |
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| Managing Type A Behavior | |
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| Dealing with Job Loss | |
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| Application: Programs in Industry | |
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| Wellness Programs | |
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| Johnson & Johnson's Live for Life Program | |
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| AT&T's Total Life Concept Program | |
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| Coors Brewing Company's LifeCheck Program | |
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| Stress Management Programs | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |