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| Preface | |
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| Introduction to The Ancient Voyage | |
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| The Greek Cultural Context: From Poetry to Philosophy | |
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| The Role of the Poets | |
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| The Natural Order According to Homer | |
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| The Moral Ideal According to Homer | |
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| Conflicts Within Homer's Picture | |
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| The Birth of Western Philosophy | |
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| Outline of Classical Philosophy | |
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| Greek Philosophy Before Socrates | |
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| The Milesian Philosophers | |
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| Thales | |
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| Thales' Question | |
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| Thales' Answer | |
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| The Problem of Change | |
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| Thales' Significance | |
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| Anaximander | |
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| Anaximander's Question | |
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| Anaximander's Answer | |
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| The Problem of Change | |
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| Anaximander's Significance | |
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| Anaximenes | |
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| Anaximenes' Question | |
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| Anaximenes' Answer | |
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| The Problem of Change | |
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| Anaximenes' Significance | |
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| Summary of the Milesians' Methods | |
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| Summary of the Milesians' Metaphysics | |
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| Pythagoras and His School | |
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| Pythagoras: Mathematician and Mystic | |
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| Philosophy and Salvation | |
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| Reality Is Mathematical | |
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| The Pythagoreans' Significance | |
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| Xenophanes | |
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| The Destroyer of Myths | |
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| Theory of Knowledge | |
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| Philosophy of Religion | |
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| Xenophanes' Significance | |
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| Heraclitus | |
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| The Lover of Paradoxes | |
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| Reason Is the Path to Knowledge | |
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| Reality as Change and Conflict | |
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| The Primacy of Change | |
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| The Unity of Opposites | |
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| Fire | |
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| Logos Again | |
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| Moral and Social Philosophy | |
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| Heraclitus's Significance | |
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| Parmenides and the Eleatics | |
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| Parmenides: The Rigorous Rationalist | |
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| Reality Is Unchanging | |
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| Reason Versus the Senses | |
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| Zeno of Elea: Coming to Parmenides' Defense | |
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| Evaluation and Significance of the Eleatics | |
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| The Pluralists | |
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| The Pluralists' Task | |
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| Empedocles | |
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| Anaxagoras | |
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| Evaluation of Anaxagoras | |
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| Democritus and the Atomists | |
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| Being | |
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| Becoming | |
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| The World of Appearances | |
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| Theory of Knowledge | |
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| Ethics | |
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| Significance of the Atomists | |
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| Summary of the Pre-Socratics | |
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| The Sophists and Socrates | |
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| The Sophists | |
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| Skepticism and the Keys to Success | |
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| Protagoras | |
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| Gorgias | |
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| Antiphon | |
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| Evaluation and Significance of the Sophists | |
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| Socrates | |
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| Socrates on Trial | |
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| The Sources of Socrates' Thought | |
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| Socrates' Task: Exposing Ignorance | |
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| Socrates' Method | |
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| Socratic Questioning | |
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| Socrates' Method of Argument | |
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| Socrates' Theory of Knowledge | |
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| Socrates' Metaphysics | |
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| The Human Soul | |
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| Ethics and the Good Life | |
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| Virtue and Excellence | |
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| Knowing and Doing | |
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| Political Philosophy | |
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| Socrates' Legacy | |
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| Plato: The Search for Ultimate Truth and Reality | |
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| Plato's Life: From Student to University President | |
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| Plato's Task: Making Philosophy Comprehensive | |
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| Theory of Knowledge: Reason Versus Opinion | |
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| Rejection of Relativism | |
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| Rejection of Sense Experience | |
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| Knowledge Is Not True Belief | |
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| Universal Forms Are the Basis of Knowledge | |
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| Knowledge Comes Through Recollection | |
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| Plato's Divided Line | |
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| Metaphysics: Shadows and Reality | |
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| The Reality of the Forms | |
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| The Problem of Change | |
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| The Relationship of Particulars to the Forms | |
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| The Allegory of the Cave | |
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| Moral Theory | |
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| Against Relativism | |
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| Why Be Moral? | |
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| Morality and Human Nature | |
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| Political Theory | |
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| The Three Divisions in Society | |
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| The Decline of the Ideal State | |
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| Plato's Cosmology: Purpose and Chance | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Aristotle: Understanding the Natural World | |
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| Aristotle's Life: Biologist, Tutor, and Philosopher | |
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| Plato and Aristotle | |
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| Theory of Knowledge: Finding Universals Within Particulars | |
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| Aristotle's Appeal to Experience | |
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| Language, Thought, and Reality | |
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| The Essential Categories | |
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| The Discovery of Logic | |
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| First Principles | |
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| Metaphysics: Understanding the Here-and-Now World | |
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| Critique of the Platonic Forms | |
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| Substance: The Key to Reality | |
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| Form and Matter | |
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| Potentiality and Actuality | |
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| Understanding Change | |
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| Teleology | |
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| God: The Unmoved Mover | |
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| Ethics: Keeping Things in Balance | |
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| Happiness | |
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| Virtue Is a State of Character | |
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| Virtue Is Concerned with Choice | |
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| Virtue and the Mean | |
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| Universal Principles and Relative Applications | |
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| The Mean Determined by Practical Wisdom | |
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| The Best Form of Life | |
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| Evaluation and Significance | |
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| Classical Philosophy After Aristotle | |
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| The Transition to Hellenistic and Roman Philosophy | |
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| Cynicism | |
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| Epicureanism | |
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| Epicurean Metaphysics | |
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| Ethics and Pleasure | |
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| Epicurean Social Philosophy | |
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| Religion and Death | |
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| The Significance of the Epicureans | |
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| Stoicism | |
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| Comparison of Epicureanism and Stoicism | |
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| Stoic Metaphysics | |
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| Ethics and Resignation | |
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| Stoic Social Philosophy | |
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| The Roman Stoics | |
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| The Significance of the Stoics | |
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| Skepticism | |
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| Academic Skepticism | |
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| The Revival of Pyrrhonian Skepticism | |
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| The Significance of Skepticism | |
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| Plotinus and Neoplatonism | |
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| The One | |
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| Intellect | |
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| Soul | |
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| The Material World | |
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| The Problem of Evil | |
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| The Way of Ascent | |
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| The Significance of Neoplatonism | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |