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Foreword | |
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Preface | |
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Introduction: Why a Book on Girls and Juvenile Justice? | |
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The Extent of Female Delinquency | |
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Recent Trends: National Arrest Data | |
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Self-Report Surveys | |
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Delinquent Careers | |
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Racial Differences | |
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Summary | |
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Notes | |
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The Nature of Female Delinquency | |
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Girls and Shoplifting | |
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Status Offenses | |
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Runaways | |
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Prostitution Among Girls | |
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International Prostitution | |
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Girls and Violence | |
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Relabeling Status Offenses | |
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Aggression and Gender | |
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Girls and Robbery | |
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Summary | |
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Notes | |
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Girls and Gangs | |
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Trends in Girl Gang Membership | |
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Girl Gang Membership and Crimes | |
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Types of Female Gangs | |
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Moving Beyond the Stereotypes: The Social Context of Girl Gangs | |
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Class and Race | |
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Crime and Drugs | |
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Reasons for Joining the Gang | |
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Relationship with Males and Male Gangs | |
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Family-Related Issues | |
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School and Work | |
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Some Concluding Thoughts | |
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Summary | |
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Notes | |
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Theories of Female Crime and Delinquency | |
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Early Theories of Female Delinquency | |
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Sociological Theories of (Male) Delinquency: Do They Apply to Girls? | |
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Social Disorganization/Social Ecology Theory | |
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Strain Theory | |
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Cultural Deviance Theories | |
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Cohen's "Culture of the Gang" | |
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Miller's "Lower Class Culture" | |
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Differential Association | |
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Control Theory | |
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Labeling Theory | |
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Critical/Marxist Perspectives | |
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A Concluding Note | |
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Gender Roles and Delinquency in Girls: The Beginnings of a Theory of Female Delinquency | |
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The Women's Movement and Female Crime | |
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Feminist Criminology | |
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Summary | |
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Notes | |
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Girls' Lives and Girls' Delinquency | |
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Growing Up Female | |
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Girls, Parents, and Peers | |
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Girls and the Sexual Double Standard | |
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An Overview of Girls' Victimization | |
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Girls' Victimization and Female Delinquency | |
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Contemporary Delinquency Research and Gender | |
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Summary | |
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Girls and the Juvenile Justice System: A Historical Overview | |
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The Doctrine of Parens Patriae, Stubborn Children, and Houses of Refuge: Roots of a Double Standard of Juvenile Justice | |
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Ex Parte Crouse | |
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The Child-Saving Movement and the Juvenile Court | |
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"The Best Place to Conquer Girls" | |
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The Juvenile Court and the Double Standard of Juvenile Justice | |
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Deinstitutionalization and Judicial Paternalism: Challenges to the Double Standard of Juvenile Justice | |
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Unpopular Reform? | |
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Recent Trends: Finally a Focus on Girls, and the Republican Backlash | |
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Summary | |
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Notes | |
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The Contemporary Juvenile Justice System and Girls, Part I: Police and Juvenile Court Processing | |
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An Overview of the System and Process | |
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The Rights of Juveniles: A Review of Key Cases | |
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Implications of Supreme Court Rulings for Girls | |
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Getting into the System | |
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Girls on the Streets | |
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Girls at the Station House | |
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Delinquents in Court | |
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Gender and Delinquency Referrals | |
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Comparing Girls and Boys in Court | |
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Girls, Race, and the New Double Standard of Juvenile Justice | |
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Summary | |
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Notes | |
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The Contemporary Juvenile Justice System and Girls, Part II: Girls in Institutions | |
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Youths in Institutions: A National Overview | |
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Number of Girls in Institutions | |
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Demographic Characteristics of Youths in Institutions | |
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Characteristics of Girls in Correctional Facilities | |
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Girls in Detention | |
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Girls in Adult Jails | |
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Conditions for Girls in Jail | |
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Girls in Training Schools | |
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The Inmate Subculture and Social System | |
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Girls, Race, and Institutionalization | |
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Deinstitutionalization or Trans-Institutionalization? Girls and the Mental Health System | |
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Summary | |
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Note | |
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In Their Own Words: Interviews with Girls and Boys on the Margins | |
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Interpreting Ethnicity and Gender in Hawaii: A Case Study | |
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Study Methodology | |
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The Youth Participants | |
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Focus Group Questions and Session Dynamics | |
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Key Findings of the Study | |
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"I Thought That One of My Teachers ... Was Against Samoans Li'dat." | |
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"But All We da Best In? Violence." | |
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"... They Dress as Hoochie Mammas--You Know, Like Hookers." | |
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Some Concluding Thoughts | |
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The "Risky" Lives of Girl Delinquents: Bottcher's California Study | |
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Summary | |
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Note | |
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Programs for Girls in Trouble | |
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Traditional Approaches | |
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Juvenile Diversion | |
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The Detention Diversion Advocacy Project (DDAP) | |
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Gender Differences | |
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Foster Care and Group Homes | |
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The Ideal Program | |
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Shortchanging Girls: Patterns within Youth-Serving Programs | |
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Are Gender-Specific Programs Necessary? | |
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Programmings as if Girls Mattered: Getting Past Girls Watching Boys Play Sports | |
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Lack of Validated Gender-Specific Programs: Programming and the "Forgotten Few" | |
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Violence | |
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Running Away, Education, and Trauma | |
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Peers and the Importance of Age | |
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Recreation: Beyond Cheerleading | |
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Programs for Girls | |
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Children of the Night | |
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National Programs of Girls, Incorporated | |
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Local Programs Sponsored by Girls, Incorporated | |
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Policy Implications and Future Directions | |
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Summary | |
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Notes | |
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Conclusions | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index | |