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| An Introduction to Weight Management | |
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| Overweight, Underweight, and Obesity | |
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| Overweight in America | |
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| What do the terms overweight, underweight, and obese mean? | |
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| How many people are obese or overweight? | |
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| Why is weight gain on the rise? | |
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| Overweight in America: Summary | |
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| The Impact of Weight on Health | |
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| What are morbidity and mortality? | |
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| What is the best weight for lowest risk of disease? | |
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| Are there harmful health effects from being underweight? | |
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| What is the best weight for long life? | |
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| Is excess weight harmful? | |
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| Is there an optimal weight to enhance quality of life? | |
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| Impact of weight on health: Summary | |
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| Who Needs Weight-Management Information? | |
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| Is there a best weight? | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Personal Self-Studies | |
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| Highlight: Fat Acceptance Movement Steps Up | |
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| References | |
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| Eating Disorders | |
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| Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge-Eating Disorder | |
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| What is "normal" eating? | |
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| What is anorexia nervosa? | |
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| What is bulimia nervosa? | |
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| What is binge-eating disorder? | |
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| Eating disorders: Summary | |
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| Predisposing Factors for Eating Disorders | |
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| Do people with eating disorders have a common psychological profile? | |
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| Is there an "eating disorder" personality? | |
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| Is there a biological cause of eating disorders? | |
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| What family issues are risk factors? | |
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| Do cultural factors increase risk? | |
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| Are athletes more susceptible to eating disorders? | |
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| Can dieting cause eating disorders? | |
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| What is the connection between diabetes and eating disorders? | |
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| Predisposing factors for eating disorders: Summary | |
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| Physiological Effects of Eating Disorders | |
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| What are the effects on the cardiovascular system? | |
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| What are the effects on the digestive tract? | |
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| What are the effects on the endocrine system? | |
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| What are the effects on the skeletal system? | |
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| Physiological effects of eating disorders: Summary | |
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| Treatment of Eating Disorders | |
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| When is hospitalization required? | |
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| What does nutritional treatment include? | |
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| Which psychotherapeutic approaches are effective? | |
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| What other treatments are used? | |
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| What is the prognosis for recovery? | |
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| Treatment of eating disorders: Summary | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Personal Self-Studies | |
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| Highlight: Other Types of Disordered Eating | |
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| References | |
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| Assessment Approaches in Weight Management | |
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| Anthropometric Assessment: Body Size, Shape, and Composition | |
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| What are we made of? | |
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| What are common measures of body size? | |
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| How should BMI be used in assessment? | |
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| How are skinfold measures used in assessment? | |
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| What is bioelectrical impedance analysis? | |
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| What do circumference measures tell us about body composition? | |
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| How is body fat distribution determined? | |
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| Anthropometric assessment: Summary | |
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| Clinical Assessment | |
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| What does a physical examination include? | |
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| What information is needed to construct a health history? | |
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| Clinical assessment: Summary | |
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| Biochemical Assessment | |
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| What are biochemical tests of general nutritional status? | |
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| Which blood glucose tests are useful? | |
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| Which laboratory tests comprise the lipid profile? | |
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| Biochemical assessment: Summary | |
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| Dietary and Physical Activity Assessment | |
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| What is a 3-day diet record? | |
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| How is physical activity assessed? | |
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| Diet and physical activity assessment: Summary | |
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| Putting Assessment Components Together | |
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| What is health risk factor analysis? | |
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| Putting assessment components together: Summary | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Personal Self-Studies | |
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| Highlight: What's Wrong with Height-Weight Tables? | |
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| References | |
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| Nutrition for Health, Physical Activity, and Weight Management | |
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| The Energy Nutrients | |
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| Components of a Healthy Diet | |
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| Where are the problems in the American diet? | |
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| Components of a healthy diet: Summary | |
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| Carbohydrates Primary Constituents of the Diet | |
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| Why do we need dietary carbohydrates? | |
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| Do sugars harm health and cause obesity? | |
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| How does carbohydrate modification promote health and weight management? | |
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| Carbohydrates: Summary | |
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| Lipids: Key Players in Health and Weight Management | |
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| What are fatty acids? | |
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| Do we need cholesterol? | |
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| How do trans fatty acids affect health? | |
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| Does dietary fat make people obese? | |
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| Lipids: Summary | |
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| Protein: Builder of Body Tissues | |
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| What do proteins do? | |
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| How does protein modification promote health and weight management? | |
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| Protein: Summary | |
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| Energy Nutrients and Physical Activity | |
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| What carbohydrate modifications support exercise? | |
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| What lipid and protein modifications support exercise? | |
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| What about calories? | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Personal Self-Studies | |
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| Highlight: The Impact of Low-Fat Foods and Fat Substitutes on Eating Behaviors | |
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| References | |
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| Vitamins, Minerals, and Water | |
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| Determining Optimal Micronutrient Intake | |
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| What are DRIs? | |
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| How should the DRIs be used? | |
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| Summary: Determining optimal micronutrient intake | |
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| Fat-Soluble Vitamins | |
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| Vitamin A and carotenoids | |
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| Vitamin E | |
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| Vitamins D and K | |
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| Summary: Fat-soluble vitamins | |
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| Water-Soluble Vitamins | |
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| Thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin | |
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| Vitamin B[subscript 6], pantothenic acid, and biotin | |
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| Folate and vitamin B[subscript 12] | |
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| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | |
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| Are there any other vitamins? | |
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| Summary: Water-soluble vitamins | |
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| Body Water and Minerals | |
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| Why do we need water? | |
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| Minerals | |
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| Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium | |
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| Other major minerals | |
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| Iron and zinc | |
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| Selenium and other trace minerals | |
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| Summary: Body water and minerals | |
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| Micronutrients and Physical Activity | |
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| Can athletic performance be enhanced by micronutrient supplements? | |
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| Which active people might benefit from higher doses of micronutrients? | |
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| Summary: Micronutrients and physical activity | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Personal Self-Studies | |
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| Highlight: Promoting Hydration for Physical Activity | |
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| References | |
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| Energy Metabolism | |
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| Energy In: The Metabolic Rate of Ingested Food | |
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| How is food energy transformed in the body? | |
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| What is the role of carbohydrates in energy metabolism? | |
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| What is the role of lipids in energy metabolism? | |
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| What is the role of protein in energy metabolism? | |
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| How do we know which nutrient is being used for fuel? | |
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| The metabolic fate of ingested food: Summary | |
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| Energy Expenditure: Metabolic Rate | |
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| How is metabolic rate determined? | |
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| What factors affect RMR? | |
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| Does exercise elevate RMR? | |
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| What is the relationship between RMR and obesity? | |
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| Metabolic rate: Summary | |
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| Energy Expenditure: Diet-Induced Thermogenesis | |
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| What is the mechanism for DIT? | |
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| Is thermogenesis defective in obesity? | |
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| DIT: Summary | |
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| Nonresting Energy Expenditure: Fidgeting, Exercise, and Other Physical Activities | |
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| How is activity energy expenditure measured? | |
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| What is the relationship between nonresting energy expenditure and weight? | |
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| Nonresting energy expenditure: Summary | |
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| Conclusions about Energy Metabolism | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Personal Self-Studies | |
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| Highlight: Dietary Fats as Key Regulators of Energy Balance | |
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| References | |
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| Regulation of Eating Behavior and Body Weight | |
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| Homeostasis and Regulation of Weight | |
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| The Brain: Central Regulator of Weight | |
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| What is the role of the brain in regulating weight? | |
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| How are neurochemicals involved in regulating weight? | |
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| The brain: Summary | |
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| The Digestive System: Receptor and Effector in Regulation of Weight | |
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| How do the taste and the smell of food contribute to weight regulation? | |
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| How is the digestive system involved in regulating intake? | |
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| What is the function of insulin in hunger and satiety? | |
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| The digestive system: Summary | |
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| Storage Fat: An Active Participant in Weight Regulation | |
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| How do the body fat stores develop? | |
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| What determines fat cell number? | |
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| What regulates the size of fat cells? | |
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| What determines where body fat is deposited? | |
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| Could leptin be the source of our "set point?" | |
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| Storage fat: Summary | |
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| BAT: Effector of Energy Expenditure | |
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| How does thermogenesis occur? | |
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| Is BAT defective in obesity? | |
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| BAT: Summary | |
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| Genetic Factors and Body Composition | |
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| How are traits inherited? | |
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| Could obesity be inherited? | |
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| What other genetic factors might promote weight gain? | |
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| Genetic factors and body composition: Summary | |
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| Environmental Influences on Body Weight | |
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| What dietary factors are fat promoting? | |
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| What is the relationship between activity and weight? | |
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| How do cultural and family factors influence weight? | |
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| Environmental influences on body weight: Summary | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Personal Self-Studies | |
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| Highlight: Environmental and Genetic Susceptibility Collide: Obesity Among American Indians and Pacific Islanders | |
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| References | |
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| Physical Activity for Health and Weight Management | |
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| Physical Activity and Exercise: The Basics | |
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| Body Systems Involved in Physical Activity | |
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| What are the components of the cardiorespiratory system? | |
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| What are the key components of the musculoskeletal system? | |
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| Body systems involved in physical activity: Summary | |
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| Benefits of an Active Lifestyle | |
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| What cardiorespiratory improvements result from activity? | |
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| What musculoskeletal improvements result from activity? | |
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| How does physical activity affect body fatness? | |
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| What are some other health benefits of physical activity? | |
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| Benefits of an active lifestyle: Summary | |
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| Physical Fitness Assessment | |
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| Why assess physical fitness? | |
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| How is cardiorespiratory fitness assessed? | |
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| How is body composition assessed? | |
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| How is muscular fitness assessed? | |
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| How is flexibility assessed? | |
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| Physical fitness assessment: Summary | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Personal Self-Studies | |
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| Highlight: The Value of Physical Activity Throughout the Lifespan | |
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| References | |
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| Physical Activity, Health, and Weight Management | |
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| Role of Physical Activity in Weight Management | |
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| What are the fat-burning effects of low- to moderate-intensity activity? | |
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| What are the fat-burning effects of high-intensity activity? | |
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| What are the advantages of preserving lean body mass? | |
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| What are the effects of activity on appetite? | |
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| Does exercise prevent weight regain? | |
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| Role of physical activity in weight management: Summary | |
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| Developing Activity Programs That Work | |
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| Which types of activity are most effective? | |
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| How is the appropriate intensity of exercise determined? | |
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| How much exercise is enough? | |
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| What about physical activity for the severely obese? | |
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| How can physical activity be incorporated into daily life? | |
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| Developing activity programs that work: Summary | |
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| Motivating People to Adopt an Active Lifestyle | |
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| Who is--and isn't--active? | |
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| How do we motivate people to initiate physical activity? | |
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| How do we motivate people to adhere to physical activity? | |
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| Motivating people to adopt an active lifestyle: Summary | |
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| Importance of Activity in Health and Weight Management | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Personal Self-Studies | |
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| Highlight: Keeping Physical Activity Safe | |
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| References | |
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| Approaches to Weight Management | |
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| Behavioral Approaches to Weight Management | |
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| How People Change | |
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| Stages of change theory | |
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| How people change: Summary | |
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| Behavioral Strategies for People Thinking About Change | |
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| What characterizes the precontemplation stage? | |
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| How does the health belief model explain early stages of change? | |
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| What are some strategies for precontemplators? | |
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| Behavioral strategies for people thinking about change: Summary | |
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| Behavioral strategies for People Ready to Act | |
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| What characterizes the contemplation and preparation stages? | |
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| How does the theory of reasoned action help explain readiness for change? | |
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| What are some strategies for people to act? | |
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| Behavioral strategies for people ready to act: Summary | |
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| Behavioral Strategies for People Taking Action | |
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| What characterizes the action stage? | |
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| How does social-cognitive theory explain behavior change? | |
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| What are some strategies for action? | |
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| Behavioral strategies for people taking action: Summary | |
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| Behavioral Strategies for Maintenance and Termination | |
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| What characterizes the maintenance and termination stages? | |
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| What are some strategies for maintenance? | |
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| Behavioral strategies for maintenance and termination: Summary | |
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| Skill Building for Modifying Diet and Activity | |
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| What physical activity skills are needed? | |
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| What dietary skills are needed? | |
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| What are some strategies for modifying dietary fat intake? | |
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| What are some strategies for controlling calories? | |
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| How are food guides used for diet planning? | |
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| Skill building for modifying diet and activity: Summary | |
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| Culture and Behavior Change | |
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| What is culture? | |
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| How does culture influence weight management? | |
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| How can behaviorally based interventions become culturally relevant? | |
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| Culture and behavior change: Summary | |
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| Expected Outcomes From a Behavioral Approach to Weight Management | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Personal Self-Studies | |
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| Highlight: Secrets of Success of People Who Keep Off Lost Weight | |
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| References | |
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| Nonbehavioral Approaches to Weight Management | |
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| Weight-Loss Drugs | |
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| What characterizes a good weight-loss drug? | |
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| What drugs reduce energy intake? | |
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| Can drugs reduce fat absorption? | |
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| Are new drugs on the horizon? | |
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| How effective is drug therapy? | |
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| What happened with fen-phen? | |
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| Weight-loss drugs: Summary | |
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| Dietary Supplements | |
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| How are dietary supplements regulated? | |
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| Which supplements claim to promote weight loss? | |
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| How can fraudulent products and practices be avoided? | |
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| Dietary supplements: Summary | |
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| Low-Calorie Diets | |
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| What are the physiological effects of extreme caloric reduction? | |
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| What are very-low-calorie diets? | |
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| Do any low-calorie diets work? | |
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| How can consumers protect themselves from fraudulent low-calorie diet programs? | |
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| Low-calorie diets: Summary | |
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| Weight-Loss Surgery | |
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| Who should (and should not) have bariatric surgery? | |
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| What are the most common bariatric procedures? | |
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| How effective is surgery for obesity? | |
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| Weight-loss surgery: Summary | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Personal Self-Studies | |
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| Highlight: Localized Fat Reduction | |
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| References | |
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| Prevention | |
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| Prevention Concepts | |
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| How does the public health model of prevention apply to obesity and eating disorders? | |
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| What factors are predictive of--and protective against--eating disorders? | |
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| What factors are predictive of--and protective against--obesity? | |
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| Prevention concepts: Summary | |
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| Primary Prevention of Obesity and Eating Disorders: Childhood Physical Activity and Nutrition Education Programs | |
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| What types of physical activity programs may prevent obesity? | |
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| How can sports programs help prevent eating disorders? | |
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| What types of nutrition education programs may prevent obesity and eating disorders? | |
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| Primary prevention of obesity and eating disorders: Summary | |
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| Secondary Prevention: Treating Obesity and Eating Disorders in Young People | |
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| How can I help someone with an eating disorder? | |
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| Which overweight children need intervention? | |
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| What types of programs are effective for overweight children? | |
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| What activity guidelines should be used with overweight children? | |
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| Secondary prevention: Summary | |
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| Tertiary Prevention: Reducing the Risk of Chronic Disease | |
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| What is the relationship among obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease? | |
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| Can type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease be prevented? | |
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| Tertiary prevention: Summary | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Personal Self-Studies | |
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| Highlight: Do Obesity Prevention Interventions Work? | |
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| References | |
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| Appendices | |
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| Body Composition Assessment Tools | |
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| Metropolitan desirable weights for men and women, 1959 | |
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| Metropolitan height and weight tables for men and women, 1983 | |
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| Determination of frame size from elbow breadth | |
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| Dietary guidelines for Americans healthy weight ranges, 1995 | |
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| Prediction equations from skinfold measures | |
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| Prediction equations from bioelectrical impedance analysis | |
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| Prediction equations from circumference measures | |
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| BMI-for-age charts, ages 2-19 years: Boys | |
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| BMI-for-age charts, ages 2-20 years: Girls | |
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| Nutrition and Physical Activity Assessment Tools | |
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| Food record form | |
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| Physical activity record form | |
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| MET values of common activities | |
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| U.S. Exchange System | |
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| Exchange groups and lists | |
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| Diet patterns for different energy intakes | |
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| U.S. exchange system: Starch list | |
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| U.S. exchange system: Fruit list | |
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| U.S. exchange system: Milk list | |
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| U.S. exchange system: Other carbohydrates list | |
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| U.S. exchange system: Vegetable list | |
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| U.S. exchange system: Meat and meat substitute list | |
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| U.S. exchange system: Fat list | |
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| U.S. exchange system: Free foods list | |
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| U.S. exchange system: Combination foods list | |
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| Index | |