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| About the Author | |
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| Preface | |
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| Introduction and Univariate Analyses | |
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| Statistics and Variables | |
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| Statistics and Data | |
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| Overview of Statistics | |
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| Samples and Populations | |
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| Variables | |
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| Levels of Measurement | |
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| Mutually Exclusive and Collectively Exhaustive | |
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| Continuous and Discrete Variables | |
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| What Cases, Variables, and Data Files Look Like | |
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| Aggregate Data | |
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| Ideas and Thinking | |
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| Playing with Data | |
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| Summing Up Chapter 1 | |
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| Frequency and Percentage Distributions | |
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| Frequency Distributions | |
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| Percentage Distributions | |
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| Cumulative Distributions | |
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| Creating Sensible and Well-Formatted Tables | |
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| Collapsing Variables | |
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| Excluding Missing Data | |
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| Selecting Subsets of Cases | |
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| Pie Charts and Bar Graphs | |
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| Outliers | |
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| Mapping Ecological Variables | |
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| Summing Up Chapter 2 | |
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| Percentages Distributions, Graphs, and Maps | |
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| Averages | |
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| Mode | |
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| Median | |
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| Mean | |
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| Properties of the Mean | |
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| The Mean for Dichotomous Variables | |
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| Which to Use--Mode, Median, or Mean? | |
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| Summing Up Chapter 3 | |
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| Measures of Variation | |
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| Variances and Standard Deviations | |
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| Shapes of Distributions | |
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| Standard Scores (Z-Scores) | |
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| Normal Distributions | |
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| Sampling Distributions | |
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| Confidence Intervals | |
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| Some Cautions Using Univariate Statistics | |
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| Summing Up Chapter 4 | |
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| Averages and Standard Deviations | |
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| Bivariate Analyses | |
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| Cross-tabulation | |
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| Bivariate Frequency Tables | |
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| Bivariate Percentage Tables | |
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| How to Read Percentage Tables | |
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| Positive, Negative, and Curvilinear Relationships | |
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| Format Conventions for Bivariate Tables | |
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| Stacked Bar Graphs for Bivariate Relationships | |
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| A Caution About Bivariate Tables Based on Small Ns | |
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| Association Does Not Imply Causation | |
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| Summing Up Chapter 5 | |
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| The Chi-Square Test of Statistical Significance | |
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| The Logic of Tests of Statistical Significance | |
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| The Chi-Square Test | |
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| Problems with Expected Frequencies Less Than 5 | |
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| Statistical Significance Does Not Mean Substantive Significance | |
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| Significance Tests on Population Data | |
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| Summing Up Chapter 6 | |
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| Measures of Association for Cross-tabulations | |
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| Overview of Measures of Association | |
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| Chi-Square-Based Measures for Nominal Variables: V and [phi] | |
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| Lambda | |
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| Choosing a Nominal Measure of Association | |
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| Measures of Association for Ordinal Variables: Gamma | |
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| Somers' D[subscript YX] | |
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| Measures of Association: An Overview | |
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| Summing Up Chapter 7 | |
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| Bivariate Cross-tabulations | |
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| Comparison of Means and t Test | |
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| Box-and-Whiskers Diagrams/Differences Between Means | |
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| t Test for the Difference Between Means | |
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| Assumptions and Cautions Concerning t Test | |
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| One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests | |
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| Confidence Intervals for Differences Between Means | |
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| Summing Up Chapter 8 | |
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| Comparison of Means and t Test | |
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| Analysis of Variance | |
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| Box-and-Whiskers Diagrams/Differences Among Means | |
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| Purpose and Assumptions of Analysis of Variance | |
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| The Logic of Analysis of Variance | |
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| The ANOVA Table | |
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| The Correlation Ratio (E[superscript 2]) | |
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| Two-Way Analysis of Variance (and Beyond) | |
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| Three Cautions About Statistically Significant F Ratios | |
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| Summing Up Chapter 9 | |
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| Analysis of Variance | |
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| Regression and Correlation | |
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| Scatterplots | |
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| Scatterplots and the Strength of Relationships | |
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| Some Limitations of Scatterplots | |
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| Regression and Least-Squares Lines | |
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| Calculating Regression Coefficients | |
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| Correlation Coefficient (r) | |
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| r[superscript 2] as Proportion of Variation Explained | |
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| Correlations Between Dichotomous Variables | |
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| Association Still Does Not Imply Causation | |
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| Linear and Nonlinear Relationships | |
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| Test of Significance for a Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Correlation Matrix | |
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| Summing Up Chapter 10 | |
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| Regression and Correlation | |
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| Multivariate Analyses | |
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| Multivariate Cross-tabulation | |
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| The Logic of Causal Relationships | |
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| Spurious Relationships | |
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| Some Terminology | |
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| Examples of Spurious Relationships | |
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| Replication | |
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| Somewhere Between Explanation and Replication | |
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| Specification | |
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| Suppressor Variables | |
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| Controlling for an Intervening Variable | |
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| Partial Gamma | |
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| An Overview of Elaboration | |
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| Elaboration and Problems of Small Ns | |
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| The Relationship of Multivariate Analysis to Experiment Design | |
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| Summing Up Chapter 11 | |
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| Multivariate Cross-tabulation | |
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| Multiple Regression and Correlation | |
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| Extending the Regression Model | |
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| Multiple Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Standardized Regression Coefficients (Beta Coefficients) | |
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| Significance Tests for Multiple Correlation Coefficients | |
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| Regression with Dichotomous and Dummy Variables | |
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| Summing Up Chapter 12 | |
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| Multiple Regression and Correlation | |
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| Statistical Tables | |
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| The Chi-Square Distribution | |
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| The t Distribution | |
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| The F Distribution: p = .05 | |
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| The F Distribution: p = .01 | |
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| The F Distribution: p = .001 | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |