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Preface | |
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Evolutionary and Historical Roots of Human Dietary Practices | |
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Setting the Table for a Cultural Feast | |
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Biocultural Framework for the Study of Diet and Nutrition | |
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Nutritional Status | |
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Biological Makeup | |
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Human Nutrient Needs | |
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Diet | |
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Cuisine | |
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The Environment | |
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Physical Environment | |
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Sociocultural Environment | |
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Economic and Political Environment | |
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Food Systems | |
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Next Steps | |
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Diet and Human Evolution | |
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Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology | |
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Teeth | |
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Skulls and Jaws | |
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The Postcranial Skeleton | |
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What Is Adaptation? | |
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Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets of Extinct Hominids | |
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Our Place in Nature | |
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A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids | |
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What Did Early Hominids Eat? | |
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What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? | |
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Summary | |
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Highlight: Lactose Intolerance | |
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Food in Historical Perspective: Dietary Revolutions | |
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The Agricultural Revolution of the Neolithic Era | |
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Development of Agriculture in the Tehuacan Valley | |
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Nutritional Consequences of the Agricultural Revolution: A Comparison of Foragers and Agriculturalists | |
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Social and Political Consequences of the Agricultural Revolution | |
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The Search for Spices | |
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The Exchange of Food Between the Old and New Worlds | |
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The Industrial Revolution | |
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Agricultural Change in England, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries | |
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Food and the Industrial Revolution | |
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The Emergence of National Cuisines | |
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Transportation, Refrigeration, and Canning | |
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Transportation | |
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Refrigeration | |
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Canning | |
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Unforeseen Drawbacks of Food Processing | |
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The Scientific Revolution | |
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Adulteration of Food | |
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Food Preservation | |
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The Discovery of Vitamins | |
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Complicating Factors Associated with Modern Food Technology | |
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Modern-Day Adaptations | |
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Summary | |
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Highlight: Vegetarian Diets: Then and Now | |
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Food and Culture | |
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Eating Is a Cultural Affair | |
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Some Definitions | |
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Culture as a Mechanism for Responding to the Environment | |
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Culture Is Learned | |
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Culture as a Guide for Behavior | |
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Culture Is Expressed Through Behavior and Artifacts | |
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Culture as a Functionally Integrated System | |
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Intracultural Variation | |
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Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativity | |
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Implications for Health Care Professionals | |
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Summary | |
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Highlight: Body Image and Health | |
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Food Technologies: How People Get Their Food in Nonindustrial Societies | |
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Foraging | |
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Demographic Issues of Foragers | |
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Social, Political, and Ideological Features of Foragers | |
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Diet and Health of Foragers | |
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Food Preferences of Foragers | |
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Nutrition and Health of Foragers | |
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Horticulture | |
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Social, Political, and Ideological Features of Horticulturalists | |
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Diet and Health of Horticulturalists | |
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Pastoralism | |
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Social, Political, and Ideological Features of Pastoralism | |
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Diet and Health of Pastoralists | |
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Intensive Agriculture | |
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Social, Political, and Ideological Features of Intensive Agriculture | |
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Contemporary Peasant Societies | |
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The Transition to Market Economies | |
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Where Do Cuisines Come From? | |
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Summary | |
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Highlight: Farming Strategies in the Andean Region of Ecuador | |
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Food Technologies: How People Get Their Food in Industrialized Societies | |
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Features of Industrialized Agriculture | |
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Farm Size | |
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Contract Farming, or Vertical Integration | |
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Energy Used in Food Production | |
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Soil Erosion | |
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Water Pollution and Shortages | |
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Social Costs | |
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Alternative Strategies | |
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Diet and Health of Industrialized Agriculturalists | |
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Summary | |
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Highlight: Genetically Modified Foods: Friends or Foes? | |
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Food and Social Organization | |
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Food as a Means of Solidifying Social Ties | |
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Kinship and Familial Alliances | |
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Building Relationships with Neighbors and Friends | |
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Food as a Means of Strengthening Economic and Political Alliances | |
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Trade | |
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Food as a Gift | |
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Political Alliances | |
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Food and Social Status | |
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Food and Gender | |
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Food and Socioeconomic Position | |
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Food as a Symbol of Prestige | |
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Summary | |
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Highlight: Food and the Life Cycle | |
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Worldview, Religion, and Health Beliefs: The Ideological Basis of Food Practices | |
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Food in a Forest of Symbols | |
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The Meaning of Food | |
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Food as an Ethnic Marker | |
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Worldview | |
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Religion | |
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Ethnicity and Ethnic Identity | |
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Health Beliefs and Local Knowledge | |
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Perceptions of Symptoms and Disease | |
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Preventive and Curative Practices | |
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Health Care Providers: Shamans, Curers, and Others | |
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Alternative Health Belief Systems in a Plural Society | |
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Summary | |
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Highlight: Becoming Culturally Competent | |
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Strategies for Addressing Nutrition Challenges | |
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Hunger in Global Perspective | |
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Malthus vs. Boserup | |
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The Factors in the Food Sufficiency Equation | |
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Population | |
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The Effect of HIV/AIDS on World Population | |
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Food Production | |
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Consequences of the Agricultural Revolution | |
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Decrease Food Aid to Other Countries | |
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Trade Imbalances | |
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What Is Meant by Hunger and Malnutrition? | |
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Who Are the Hungry and Malnourished? | |
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Hunger and Undernourishment | |
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Types of Undernutrition | |
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Measuring PEM | |
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Overweight in Children | |
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What Are the Causes of Undernourishment and Malnutrition? | |
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Projections for the Future--Enough for All? | |
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Summary | |
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Highlight: Hidden Hunger: Micronutrient Malnutrition | |
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Addressing Global Food Issues | |
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Hunger and Malnutrition: The Factors Influencing Adequate Nutrition | |
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Food Availability | |
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Agricultural Research and Extension | |
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The Role of Biotechnology | |
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Policy Options: Self-Sufficiency vs. Food Security | |
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Food Self-Sufficiency and National Food Security | |
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What Makes NSSS Important? | |
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Commercialization of Agriculture and Household Food Security of Small Farmers | |
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Income | |
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Protecting Food Crop Production | |
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Land Tenure | |
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Health | |
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Entitlements | |
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Alleviating Poverty and Redistributing Income | |
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Land Distribution and Agrarian Reform | |
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Agrarian Reform | |
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Credit, Marketing, and Price Systems | |
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Food Aid as Food Subsidy | |
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Nutritional Quality of Food, Education, and Household Distribution | |
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Health and Sanitation | |
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Summary | |
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Highlight: Women: A Pivotal Link in the Food Chain | |
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Dietary Behavior Change: How People Change Eating Habits | |
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The Behavior Change Process | |
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Stages of Change | |
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Processes of Change | |
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Factors That Influence the Change Process | |
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Health Beliefs | |
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Attitudes | |
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Social Influences | |
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Skills and Self-Efficacy | |
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Intentions | |
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Goal Setting | |
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Other Factors That Influence Behavior Change | |
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Implications for Practice | |
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Summary | |
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Highlight: U.S. Federal Food Programs | |
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Designing Large-Scale Programs to Change Dietary Practices | |
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Community-Based Health Promotion | |
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Community | |
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Distinguishing Features of Community Organization | |
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Stages in the Community Organizing Process | |
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Case Study | |
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Advantages of Community-Based Interventions | |
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Challenges Associated with Community-Based Interventions | |
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Social Marketing | |
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Distinguishing Features | |
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Steps in the Social Marketing Process | |
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Loving Support Makes Breastfeeding Work | |
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Putting It All Together to Improve Dietary Practices | |
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Summary | |
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Highlight: Moving from Theory to Practice: A Case Study Using a Multilevel Approach to Changing Dietary Behavior | |
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References | |
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Index | |