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| Preface | |
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| Introduction: Interpreting Judaism through History | |
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| The Difficulty of Introductions: Studying Religion | |
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| The Difficulty of Introductions: Studying Judaism | |
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| Jewish Ethics and Belief: The Case of Hillel the Elder | |
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| Daily Prayer and Ritual: How Does God Work? | |
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| Views of History and the Liturgical Year | |
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| Personal Rituals: The Variety of Being Human | |
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| The Rest Is Commentary: Complete the Learning | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Formative Judaism | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The History Imagined in the Hebrew Bible | |
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| The Hellenistic and Roman Periods | |
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| The History of Jews in the Diaspora | |
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| Ethics and the History of Formative Judaism | |
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| The Jewish Canon, Rituals, and Beliefs about Divinity | |
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| Hellenistic Canonization, Rituals, and Beliefs | |
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| The Rabbinic Canon and Its Implications for Belief and Ritual | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Rabbinic Judaism | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Self-Understanding of Rabbinic Judaism | |
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| The Development of Rabbinic Judaism in the Land of Israel | |
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| The Development of Rabbinic Judaism in Babylonia | |
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| The Rise of Islam | |
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| Ethics, Texts, and the Shape of the Oral Torah | |
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| Ritual Practices and Views of the Divine | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Medieval Judaism | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Response to the Collapse of the Abbasid Empire | |
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| Response to Christian Persecution | |
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| Coping with the Expulsion from Iberia | |
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| Holland and Easter Europe: Continuity despite Difference | |
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| Discontinuity and Messianic Hope | |
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| Sabbetai Zevi and His Movement | |
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| Ritual and Ethics: Ashkenazic and Sephardic Practice | |
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| Sephardic Piety: Law Codes and Philosophical Theology | |
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| The Piety of Ashkenazic Judaism | |
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| Mysticism and Pietism in Ashkenazic and Sephardic Cultures | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Modern Judaism | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Adumbrations of Confronting Discontinuity | |
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| The Jewish Religion of Western European Jews | |
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| The Jewish Religion of Eastern European Jews | |
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| Americanizing Jewish Religion | |
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| Characteristics of the Eastern European Wave of Immigration | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Postmodernity and Its Possibilities | |
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| Postmodernity: A Fluid Period | |
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| The Development of Postmodern Jewish Religion | |
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| Toward a Postmodern Temperament | |
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| Philosophers of Meaning | |
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| The Nazi Challenge | |
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| Ethical Dilemmas of a Jewish State | |
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| Ways of Jewish Religion in North America | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Glossary of Terms | |
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| Index | |