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| Preface | |
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| Basic Concepts of Infant Behavior and Development | |
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| The Importance of Infancy | |
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| Parent and Caregiver Education | |
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| Infancy Is a Unique Period in the Life Course | |
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| The Experience of the Body and Its Movements and Senses | |
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| Reexperiencing Infancy Is Healing and Rejuvenating | |
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| Improving Health by Early Prevention | |
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| Informed Public Policy | |
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| Origins of Individual Differences | |
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| A Brief History of Babies | |
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| Early Civilizations | |
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| The Middle Ages and the Renaissance | |
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| The Enlightenment | |
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| Infants Enter the World of Science | |
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| The Scientific Perspective on Infancy | |
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| Conceptualizing Infancy | |
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| Topics in Infant Development | |
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| Stages and Changes in Infant Development | |
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| Research Methods in Developmental Science | |
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| Experimental Research Methods | |
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| Standardized Experimental Procedures for Use with Infants | |
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| Physiological Recording | |
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| Observational Research Methods | |
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| Reducing Bias in Research | |
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| Research Ethics and Informed Consent | |
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| Methods of Observational Research | |
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| Qualitative Research Methods | |
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| The Author's View | |
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| Applications: Advocacy and Public Policy for Infants and Their Families | |
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| Summary | |
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| On the Web | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Theories of Infant Development | |
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| Biological Approaches | |
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| Behavior Ecology Theory | |
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| Behavior Genetic Theory | |
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| What Are the Problems with Biological Approaches? | |
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| Learning Theories | |
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| Classical Conditioning | |
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| Operant Conditioning | |
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| Social Learning Theory | |
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| What Are the Problems with Learning Theory? | |
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| Cognitive Theories | |
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| Constructivist Theory | |
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| What Are the Problems with Piaget's Theory? | |
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| Information Processing Theories of Cognitive Development | |
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| What Are the Problems with Information Processing Theory? | |
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| Systems Theories | |
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| Ecological Systems Theory | |
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| What Are the Problems with Ecological Systems Theory? | |
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| Interactive Systems Theory | |
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| What Are the Problems with Interactive Systems Theory? | |
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| Dynamic Systems Theory | |
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| What Are the Problems with Dynamic Systems Theory? | |
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| Clinical Theories | |
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| Can Children and Adults Remember Their Infancy Experiences? | |
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| Psychotherapeutic Approaches | |
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| Somatic Awareness Approaches | |
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| What Are the Problems with Clinical Theories? | |
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| The Author's View | |
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| Summary | |
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| On the Web | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Before Birth: Prenatal Behavior and Development | |
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| Conception and Fertility | |
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| Conception | |
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| Fertility | |
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| Infertility | |
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| Enhancing Fertility | |
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| Controlling Fertility: Contraception | |
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| Developmental Processes before Birth | |
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| The Period of the Zygote | |
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| What Are the Major Phases of Prenatal Development? | |
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| The Period of the Embryo | |
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| The Period of the Fetus: Seven to Sixteen Weeks | |
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| The Period of the Fetus: Seventeen to Twenty-Two Weeks | |
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| The Period of the Fetus: Twenty-Three to Thirty-Six Weeks | |
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| Individual Differences in Prenatal Development | |
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| Genetic and Chromosomal Influences on Development | |
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| Genetically Based Disorders | |
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| Chromosomal Disorders | |
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| Environmental Influence on Prenatal Development | |
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| Can Birth Defects Be Prevented? | |
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| What Are Some Ethical Issues Raised by Genetic Counseling? | |
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| Elective Abortion | |
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| Prenatal Mortality | |
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| Family and Society | |
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| What Are the Physical Changes Associated with Pregnancy? | |
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| How Do Mothers Adapt Psychologically to Pregnancy? | |
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| What Is the Father's Adaptation to Pregnancy Like? | |
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| How Do Siblings Adapt to the Pregnancy? | |
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| Teenage Pregnancies: The Problem That Will Not Go Away? | |
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| The Author's View | |
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| Applications: Family Planning | |
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| Awareness through Movement | |
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| Summary | |
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| On the Web | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Childbirth and Newborn Health | |
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| The Childbirth Experience | |
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| Birthrates | |
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| The Stages of Labor | |
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| Technologies for Labor and Delivery | |
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| The Management of Childbirth | |
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| The Baby at Birth: Health and Risk | |
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| Assessing the Infant's Status at Birth | |
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| Birth Complications | |
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| What Is Prematurity? | |
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| Problems and Prospects for Premature and Low-Birthweight Babies and Their Families | |
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| Interventions for Premature Infants | |
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| What Can We Learn about Fetal Psychology from Premature Infants? | |
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| Perinatal Mortality | |
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| How Does the Family Respond to the Death of an Infant? | |
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| Family and Society | |
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| What Are the Attitudes and Emotions of Women following Childbirth? | |
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| What Are Some Cultural Differences in Childbirth and Infant Care Practices? | |
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| Newborn Feeding Practices | |
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| The Effects of Breast- and Bottle-Feeding on Mother and Infant | |
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| The Author's View | |
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| Applications: The Case of Baby Doe | |
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| Summary | |
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| On the Web | |
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| Glossary | |
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| The First Two Months | |
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| Physical and Motor Development | |
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| States of Rest and Activity | |
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| Sleep States | |
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| Waking States | |
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| Developmental Change in State Is Related to Brain Development | |
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| Crying State | |
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| Differences between Infants: Quiet and Colic | |
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| The Effects of Crying on Adults | |
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| What Are the Best Ways to Soothe a Crying Baby? | |
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| Motor Coordinations of the Newborn: Reflexes | |
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| Asynchronous Growth | |
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| Sucking | |
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| Newborn Hand and Arm Movements | |
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| Summary of Physical and Motor Development | |
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| Perceptual Development | |
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| The Visual World of the Newborn | |
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| Auditory Perception | |
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| Taste, Smell, and Touch | |
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| Cognitive Development | |
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| Can Newborns Learn? | |
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| Can Newborns Habituate? | |
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| Can Newborns Imitate? | |
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| Do Newborns Have a Sense of Self? | |
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| Emotional Development | |
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| Family and Society | |
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| Early Adult-Infant Interaction: The Beginnings of Emotional Ties | |
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| What Is the Father's Role with Newborns? | |
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| Do Firstborns Have Different Interactions with Their Mothers than Laterborns? | |
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| The Author's View | |
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| Applications: Parent-Infant Bonding | |
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| Co-Regulating with Baby | |
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| Awareness through Movement | |
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| Summary | |
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| On the Web | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Two to Five Months | |
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| Physical and Motor Development | |
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| Physical Development | |
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| Motor Development | |
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| Perceptual Development | |
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| Visual Pattern Perception | |
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| Perception of Moving Objects | |
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| Auditory Perception | |
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| Cross-Modal Perception | |
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| Cognitive Development | |
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| Habituation | |
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| Long-Term Memory | |
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| Piagetian Perspectives on Cognitive Development | |
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| Emotional Development | |
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| Emotional Expression and Experience | |
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| Development of Emotion Regulation | |
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| Social Development | |
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| The Effect of Infants on Adult Behavior | |
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| Cultural Differences in Adult Behavior toward Infants | |
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| The Effects of Adult Behaviors on Infants | |
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| Putting It All Together: The Sense of an Ecological Self | |
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| Family and Society | |
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| Developmental Tasks of Early Parenthood | |
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| Predictors of Success in the Transition to Parenthood | |
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| The Author's View | |
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| Applications: Unexpected Death in Infancy | |
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| Co-Regulating with Baby | |
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| Awareness through Movement | |
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| Summary | |
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| On the Web | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Six to Nine Months | |
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| Physical and Motor Development | |
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| Do Infants Have a Preferred Hand? | |
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| Effects of Hand Preference on Infant Motor Development | |
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| How Motor Skills Develop | |
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| Perceptual Development | |
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| New Developments in the Recognition of Objects and Depth | |
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| Other Perceptual Developments | |
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| Cognitive Development | |
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| Memory | |
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| Increasing Use of Concepts to Organize and Process Information | |
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| Piaget's Third Sensorimotor Stage: Secondary Circular Reactions | |
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| Out of Sight, Out of Mind? | |
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| Emotional Development | |
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| The Development of Negative Emotions | |
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| The Development of Positive Emotions | |
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| Emotion Regulation | |
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| Recognition of Emotional Expressions | |
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| Infant Temperament | |
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| The Measurement of Temperament | |
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| Social and Language Development | |
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| Social-Object Frames | |
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| Babbling: A Prerequisite for Later Vocal Communication | |
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| Speech Perception | |
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| Parent-Infant Games | |
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| Cultural Differences in Parent-Infant Interaction | |
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| The Sense of Self | |
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| Family and Society | |
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| Maternal Employment and Its Effects on Infants | |
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| Parental Leave Policies | |
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| Age and Sex Differences in Nurturance toward Infants | |
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| Preschool Age | |
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| Siblings | |
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| Later Childhood | |
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| Parenthood: Mothers versus Fathers | |
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| Grandparents | |
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| The Author's View | |
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| Applications: Infant Nutrition | |
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| Co-Regulating with Baby | |
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| Awareness through Movement | |
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| Summary | |
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| On the Web | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Ten to Twelve Months | |
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| Physical and Motor Development | |
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| Perceptual and Cognitive Development | |
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| Conceptualizing Relationships between Objects and Events | |
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| The Emergence of Intentional Action | |
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| Imitation | |
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| Individual Differences in Cognition and Attention | |
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| Emotional Development | |
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| The Development of Anger | |
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| The Development of Wariness and Fear | |
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| The Development of Sadness | |
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| The Development of Enjoyment and Affection | |
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| The Development of Mixed Emotions | |
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| Individual Differences in Emotion Regulation | |
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| Developments in the Infant's Ability to Use Emotional Information Expressed by Other People | |
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| Social and Language Development | |
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| Developments in Parent-Infant Communication | |
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| The Emergence of Intentional Gestures | |
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| Speech Production by Infants: First Words | |
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| Developments in Infant Perception of Adult Speech | |
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| The Development of Attachment | |
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| Antecedents of Attachment | |
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| Cultural Differences in Attachment | |
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| Does Attachment Security in Infancy Predict Later Behavior? | |
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| Infant-Peer Relationships | |
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| The Sense of a Subjective Self | |
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| Family and Society | |
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| Are Infants More Attached to Mothers or to Fathers? | |
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| Grandparents and Their Infant Grandchildren | |
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| Adoptive Parents and Their Infants | |
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| The Author's View | |
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| Applications: Infant Health and Safety | |
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| Co-Regulating with Baby | |
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| Awareness through Movement | |
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| Summary | |
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| On the Web | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Twelve to Eighteen Months | |
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| Physical and Motor Development | |
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| Walking over Different Types of Surfaces | |
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| Coordinated Actions with the Hands | |
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| Cognitive Development | |
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| Emotional Development | |
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| Positive Emotion | |
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| Negative Emotion | |
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| Social and Language Development | |
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| What Are the Basic Properties of Languages? | |
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| What Are the Theories of Language Acquisition? | |
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| Coordinated Joint Attention as a Frame for Language Development | |
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| The Emergence of Conventional Gestures and Words | |
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| Relationship of Production to Comprehension | |
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| How Do Infants Communicate with Peers at This Age? | |
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| Does the Mother's Presence Affect the Way an Infant Plays with Peers? | |
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| What Other Situational Constraints Affect Peer Relationships? | |
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| The Sense of an Elaborated Subjective Self | |
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| Family and Society | |
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| Infants with Special Needs | |
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| The Effects of Nonparental Care on Infants and Parents | |
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| The Author's View | |
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| Applications: Social Policy and Day Care | |
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| Co-Regulating with Baby | |
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| Awareness through Movement | |
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| Summary | |
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| On the Web | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Eighteen to Twenty-Four Months | |
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| Motor and Cognitive Development | |
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| Motor Advances | |
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| Cognitive Development: Symbolic Play | |
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| Is It Appropriate for Infants to Watch Television? | |
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| Development of the Ability to Categorize Objects | |
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| The Sense of an Existential Self | |
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| Infantile Autism: A Disturbance of Self and Relationships | |
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| Infant Mental Health | |
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| Emotional Development | |
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| How Does Symbolic Thought Affect the Child's Emotional Experiences? | |
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| How Does the Concept of the Self Affect Emotional Experience? | |
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| How Do Infants of This Age Cope with Stress? | |
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| What Happens to Children during Separations from Their Primary Caregivers? | |
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| Social and Language Development | |
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| The Vocabulary Spurt | |
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| Multiword Speech | |
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| Individual Differences: Two Types of Speech Style | |
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| Relationship between Language Development and the Social Environment | |
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| Guided Participation between Infants and Adults | |
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| The Development of Discipline and Compliance | |
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| Peer Interactions | |
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| Family and Society | |
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| Informal Support Systems | |
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| Factors Mediating the Impact of Informal Support Systems | |
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| The Author's View | |
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| Applications: Poverty and Risk | |
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| Co-Regulating with Baby | |
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| Awareness through Movement | |
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| Summary | |
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| On the Web | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Twenty-Four to Thirty-Six Months | |
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| Motor and Cognitive Development | |
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| Motor Development | |
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| Can Two-Year-Olds Remember Their Own Infancy? | |
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| What Is the Relationship between Action and Thought? | |
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| What Is the Relationship between Action and Language? | |
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| The World of Make-Believe | |
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| Are There Individual Differences in Children's Styles of Pretend Play? | |
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| Emotional Development | |
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| Changes in Emotional Communication: Laughter | |
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| What Is the Relationship between Emotion and Self-Understanding? | |
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| Social and Language Development | |
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| Adding the Proper Endings | |
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| When Do Children Begin to Ask Questions? | |
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| In What Ways Is the Two-Year-Old's Language Limited? | |
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| How Well Can a Two-Year-Old Carry On a Conversation? | |
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| Discipline and Compliance in Parent-Child Relationships | |
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| Peer Interactions | |
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| Do Two-Year-Olds Behave the Same No Matter Whom They Are With? | |
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| Do Family Factors Affect Peer Relationships? | |
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| Do Sociocultural Factors Affect Peer Relationships? | |
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| Family and Society | |
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| Types of Sibling Interactions | |
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| Interfamily Differences in the Types of Sibling Interactions | |
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| The Author's View | |
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| Applications: Infant and Child Maltreatment | |
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| Co-Regulating with Baby | |
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| Awareness through Movement | |
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| Summary | |
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| On the Web | |
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| Glossary | |
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| The Effects of the Infancy Period on the Formation of Individual Differences | |
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| Development as a Complex Dynamic Process | |
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| Development Is a Complex Process Involving Many Factors | |
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| No Two Individuals Respond in the Same Way to the Same Situation | |
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| Research on Continuity between Early and Later Development | |
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| Perinatal Factors | |
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| Motor Development | |
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| Parental Contributions | |
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| Maternal Employment and Child Care | |
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| Attachment | |
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| Caregiving and Disciplinary Styles | |
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| Risk and Disadvantage | |
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| Culture | |
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| Gender | |
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| Intellectual Development | |
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| Temperament | |
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| Developmental Systems of Multiple Interacting Factors | |
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| The Author's View | |
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| Summary | |
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| On the Web | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Appendices | |
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| References | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |