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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Smart materials: an introduction | |
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| Input-output decision ability | |
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| Device based on conductivity changes | |
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| Device based on changes in optical response | |
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| Biological systems: nature's smart materials | |
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| Role of this book | |
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| Structural Properties | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Crystaline materials | |
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| Basic lattice types | |
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| Some important crystal structures | |
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| Notation to denote planes and points in a lattice: Miller indices | |
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| Artificial structures: superlattices and quantum wells | |
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| Surfaces: ideal versus real | |
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| Interfaces | |
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| Defects in crystals | |
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| Heterostructures | |
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| Non-crystalline materials | |
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| Polycrystalline materials | |
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| Amorphous and glassy materials | |
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| Liquid crystals | |
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| Organic materials | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Quantum Mechanics and Electronic Levels | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Need for quantum description | |
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| Some experiments that ushered in the quantum age | |
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| Schrodinger equation and physical observables | |
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| Wave amplitude | |
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| Waves, wavepackets, and uncertainty | |
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| Particles in an attractive potential: bound states | |
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| Electronic levels in a hydrogen atom | |
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| Particle in a quantum well | |
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| Harmonic oscillator problem | |
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| From atoms to molecules: coupled wells | |
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| Electrons in crystalline solids | |
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| Electrons in a uniform potential | |
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| Particle in a periodic potential: Bloch theorem | |
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| Kronig-Penney model for bandstructure | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Electronic Levels in Solids | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Occupation of states: distribution function | |
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| Metals, insulators, and superconductors | |
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| Holes in semiconductors | |
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| Bands in organic and molecular semiconductors | |
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| Normal and superconducting states | |
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| Bandstructure of some important semiconductors | |
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| Direct and indirect semiconductors: effective mass | |
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| Mobile carriers | |
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| Electrons in metals | |
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| Mobile carriers in pure semiconductors | |
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| Doping of semiconductors | |
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| Tailoring electronic properties | |
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| Electronic properties of alloys | |
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| Electronic properties of quantum wells | |
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| Localized states in solids | |
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| Disordered materials: extended and localized states | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Charge Transport in Materials | |
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| Introduction | |
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| An overview of electronic states | |
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| Transport and scattering | |
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| Scattering of electrons | |
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| Macroscopic transport properties | |
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| Velocity-electric field relations in semiconductors | |
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| Carrier transport by diffusion | |
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| Transport by drift and diffusion: Einstein's relation | |
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| Important devices based on conductivity changes | |
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| Field effect transistor | |
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| Bipolar junction devices | |
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| Transport in non-crystalline materials | |
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| Electron and hole transport in disordered systems | |
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| Ionic conduction | |
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| Important non-crystalline electronic devices | |
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| Thin film transistor | |
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| Gas sensors | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Light Absorption and Emission | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Important material systems | |
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| Optical processes in semiconductors | |
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| Optical absorption and emission | |
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| Chargei injection, quasi-Fermi levels, and recombination | |
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| Optical absorption, loss, and gain | |
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| Optical processes in quantum wells | |
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| Important semiconductor optoelectronic devices | |
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| Light detectors and solar cells | |
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| Light emitting diode | |
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| Laser diode | |
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| Organic semiconductors: optical processes & devices | |
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| Excitonic state | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Dielectric Response: Polarization Effects | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Polarization in materials: dielectric response | |
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| Dielectric response: some definitions | |
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| Ferroelectric dielectric response | |
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| Tailoring polarization: piezoelectric effect | |
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| Tailoring polarization: pyroelectric effect | |
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| Device applications of polar materials | |
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| Ferroelectric memory | |
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| Strain sensor and accelerometer | |
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| Ultrasound generation | |
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| Infrared detection using pyroelectric devices | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Optical Modulation and Switching | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Light propagation in materials | |
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| Modulation of optical properties | |
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| Electro-optic effect | |
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| Electro-absorption modulation | |
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| Optical modulation devices | |
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| Electro-optic modulators | |
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| Interferroelectric modulators | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Magnetic Effects in Solids | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Magnetic materials | |
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| Electromagnetic field magnetic materials | |
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| Physical basis for magnetic properties | |
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| Coherent transport: quantum interference | |
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| Aharonov Bohm effect | |
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| Quantum interference in superconducting materials | |
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| Diamagnetic and paramagnetic effects | |
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| Diamagnetic effect | |
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| Paramagnetic effect | |
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| Paramagnetism in the conduction electrons in metals | |
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| Ferromagnetic effects | |
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| Exchange interaction and ferromagnetism | |
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| Antiferromagnetic ordering | |
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| Applications in magnetic devices | |
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| Quantum interference devices | |
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| Application example: cooling by demagnetization | |
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| Magneto-optic modulators | |
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| Application example: magnetic recording | |
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| Giant magnetic resistance (GMR) devices | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Important Properties of Semiconductors | |
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| P-N Diode: A Summary | |
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| Introduction | |
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| P-N junction | |
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| P-N Junction under bias | |
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| Fermi Golden Rule | |
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| Lattice Vibrations and Phonons | |
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| Defect Scattering and Mobility | |
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| Alloy scattering | |
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| Screened Coulombic scattering | |
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| Ionized impurity limited mobility | |
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| Alloy scattering limited mobility | |
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| Index | |