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| Acknowledgement | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Table of cases | |
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| Table of treaties | |
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| List of abbreviations | |
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| The General Framework | |
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| The sources | |
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| The semantics | |
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| Inter-state armed conflicts | |
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| Military necessity and humanitarian considerations | |
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| Humanitarian law and human rights | |
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| Dissemination | |
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| Lawful Combatancy | |
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| Combatants and civilians | |
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| Lawful and unlawful combatants | |
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| The entitlement to prisoners of war status under customary international law | |
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| The Legal Position under Protocol I of 1977 | |
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| A case study: the war in Afghanistan | |
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| Mercenaries | |
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| Armed merchant vessels | |
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| Prohibited Weapons | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The principle prohibiting unnecessary suffering | |
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| Explicit prohibitions and restrictions of certain weapons | |
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| The status of nuclear weapons | |
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| Development of new weapons | |
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| Legitimate Military Objectives | |
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| The principle of distinction and military objectives | |
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| The definition of military objectives by nature, location, purpose and use | |
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| General problems relating to the scope of military objectives | |
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| Defended and undefended localities in land warfare | |
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| Special problems relating to sea warfare | |
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| Special problems relating to air warfare | |
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| The Protection of Civilians and Civilian Objects from Attack | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Direct attacks against civilians | |
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| Indiscriminate attacks | |
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| The principle of proportionality | |
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| Legitimate collateral damage | |
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| Precautions in attack | |
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| Cessation of protection and 'human shields' | |
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| Starvation of civilians | |
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| Measures of Special Protection | |
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| Persons entitled to special protection | |
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| Cultural property and places of worship | |
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| Medical units | |
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| Works and installations containing dangerous forces | |
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| Protection of the Environment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The international legal texts | |
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| The dissimilarities between the ENMOD convention and protocol I | |
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| A case study: setting fire to oil wells in the Gulf War | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Other Methods and Means of Warfare | |
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| Perfidy and ruses of war | |
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| Espionage | |
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| Seizure and destruction of enemy property | |
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| Belligerent reprisals | |
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| War crimes, command responsibility and defences | |
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| The definition of war crimes | |
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| The Distinction between war criminals and unlawful combatants | |
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| Command responsibility | |
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| Admissible and inadmissible defences | |
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| General conclusions | |
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| Index | |