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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Nucleosynthesis and nuclear decay | |
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| The chart of the nuclides | |
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| Nucleosynthesis | |
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| Stellar evolution | |
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| Stages in the nucleosynthesis of heavy elements | |
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| Radioactive decay | |
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| Isobaric decay | |
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| Alpha- and heavy-particle decay | |
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| Nuclear fission and the Oklo natural reactor | |
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| The law of radioactive decay | |
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| Uniformitarianism | |
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| References | |
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| Mass spectrometry | |
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| Chemical separation | |
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| Rb-Sr | |
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| Sm-Nd | |
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| Lu-Hf | |
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| Lead | |
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| Ion sources | |
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| Thermal ionisation | |
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| Plasma-source mass spectrometry | |
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| Mass fractionation | |
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| Magnetic-sector mass spectrometry | |
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| Ion optics | |
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| Detectors | |
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| Data collection | |
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| Isotope dilution | |
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| Analysis technique | |
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| Double spiking | |
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| Applications of MC-ICP-MS to radiogenic isotopes | |
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| Hf-W | |
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| Lu-Hf | |
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| U-Th | |
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| Pb-Pb | |
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| U-Pb | |
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| Sm-Nd | |
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| Isochron regression-line fitting | |
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| Types of regression fit | |
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| Regression fitting with correlated errors | |
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| Errorchrons | |
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| Dealing with errorchrons | |
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| References | |
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| The Rb-Sr method | |
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| The Rb decay constant | |
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| Dating igneous rocks | |
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| Sr model ages | |
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| The isochron diagram | |
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| Erupted isochrons | |
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| Meteorite chronology | |
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| Dating metamorphic rocks | |
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| Open mineral systems | |
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| Blocking temperatures | |
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| Open whole-rock systems | |
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| Dating ore deposits | |
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| Dating sedimentary rocks | |
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| Shales | |
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| Glauconite | |
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| Seawater evolution | |
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| Measurement of the curve | |
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| Modelling the fluxes | |
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| The effects of Himalayan erosion | |
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| References | |
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| The Sm-Nd method | |
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| Sm-Nd isochrons | |
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| Meteorites | |
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| Low-grade meta-igneous rocks | |
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| High-grade metamorphic rocks | |
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| High-grade metamorphic minerals | |
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| Nd isotope evolution and model ages | |
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| Chondritic model ages | |
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| Depleted-mantle model ages | |
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| Model ages and crustal processes | |
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| Sedimentary systems | |
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| Meta-sedimentary systems | |
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| Meta-igneous systems | |
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| Partially melted systems | |
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| The crustal-growth problem | |
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| Crustal-accretion ages | |
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| Sediment-provenance ages | |
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| Archean depleted mantle | |
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| Early Archean crustal provinces | |
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| Nd in the oceans | |
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| Modern seawater Nd | |
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| Ancient seawater Nd | |
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| Tertiary seawater Nd | |
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| Quaternary seawater Nd | |
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| References | |
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| Lead isotopes | |
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| U-Pb isochrons | |
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| U-Pb dating of carbonates | |
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| U-Pb (zircon) dating | |
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| Lead-loss models | |
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| Upper intersection ages | |
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| Ion-microprobe analysis | |
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| Lead 207/206 ages | |
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| Inherited zircon | |
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| Alternative presentations of U-Pb data | |
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| Alternative U-Pb dating materials | |
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| Common (whole-rock) Pb-Pb dating | |
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| The geochron | |
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| Model (galena) ages | |
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| The Holmes-Houtermans model | |
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| Conformable leads | |
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| Open-system Pb evolution | |
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| Pb-Pb dating and crustal evolution | |
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| Archean crustal evolution | |
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| Paleo-isochrons and metamorphic disturbance | |
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| Environmental Pb | |
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| Anthropogenic Pb | |
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| Pb as an oceanographic tracer | |
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| Paleo-seawater Pb | |
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| References | |
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| Isotope geochemistry of oceanic volcanics | |
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| Isotopic tracing of mantle structure | |
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| Contamination and alteration | |
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| Disequilibrium melting | |
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| Mantle plumes | |
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| Plum-pudding mantle | |
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| Marble-cake mantle | |
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| The Nd-Sr isotope diagram | |
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| Box models for MORB sources | |
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| The mantle array and OIB sources | |
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| Mantle convection models | |
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| Pb isotope geochemistry | |
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| Pb-Pb isochrons and the lead paradox | |
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| The development of HIMU | |
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| The terrestrial Th/U ratio | |
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| The upper-mantle [mu] value re-examined | |
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| Mantle reservoirs in isotopic multispace | |
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| The mantle plane | |
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| The mantle tetrahedron | |
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| Identification of mantle components | |
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| HIMU | |
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| EMII | |
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| EMI | |
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| Kinematic models for mantle recycling | |
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| Depleted OIB sources | |
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| Island arcs and mantle evolution | |
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| Two-component mixing models | |
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| Three-component mixing models | |
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| References | |
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| Isotope geochemistry of continental rocks | |
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| Mantle xenoliths | |
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| Mantle metasomatism | |
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| Crustal contamination | |
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| Two-component mixing models | |
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| Melting in natural and experimental systems | |
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| Inversion modelling of magma suites | |
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| Lithospheric mantle contamination | |
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| Phenocrysts as records of magma evolution | |
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| Petrogenesis of continental magmas | |
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| Kimberlites, carbonatites and lamproites | |
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| Alkali basalts | |
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| Flood basalts | |
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| Precambrian granitoids | |
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| Phanerozoic batholiths | |
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| References | |
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| Osmium isotopes | |
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| Osmium analysis | |
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| The Re-Os and Pt-Os decay schemes | |
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| The Re decay constant | |
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| Meteorite isochrons | |
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| Dating ores and rocks | |
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| Os normalisation and the Pt-Os decay scheme | |
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| Mantle osmium | |
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| Bulk Silicate Earth | |
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| Lithospheric evolution | |
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| Primitive upper mantle | |
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| Enriched plumes | |
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| Osmium from the core | |
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| Asthenospheric mantle heterogeneity | |
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| Petrogenesis and ore genesis | |
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| The Bushveld Complex | |
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| The Stillwater Complex | |
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| The Sudbury Igneous Complex | |
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| Flood-basalt provinces | |
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| Seawater osmium | |
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| Seawater Os isotope evolution | |
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| Os fluxes and residence times | |
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| References | |
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| Lu-Hf and other lithophile isotope systems | |
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| Lu-Hf geochronology | |
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| The Lu decay constant and the CHUR composition | |
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| Dating metamorphism | |
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| Mantle Hf evolution | |
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| Hf zircon analysis | |
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| Archean sediments | |
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| Western Greenland | |
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| Mantle depletion and recycling | |
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| Sediment recycling | |
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| Seawater hafnium | |
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| The La-Ce and La-Ba systems | |
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| La-Ba geochronology | |
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| La-Ce geochronology | |
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| Ce isotope geochemistry | |
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| The K-Ca system | |
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| References | |
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| K-Ar and Ar-Ar dating | |
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| The K-Ar dating method | |
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| Analytical techniques | |
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| Inherited argon and the K-Ar isochron diagram | |
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| Argon loss | |
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| The [superscript 40]Ar-[superscript 39]Ar dating technique | |
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| [superscript 40]Ar-[superscript 39]Ar measurement | |
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| Irradiation corrections | |
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| Step heating | |
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| Argon-loss events | |
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| Excess argon | |
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| Dating paleomagnetism: a case study | |
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| [superscript 39]Ar recoil | |
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| Dating glauconite and clay minerals | |
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| Laser-probe dating | |
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| Method development | |
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| Applications of laser-probe dating | |
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| Timescale calibration | |
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| The magnetic-reversal timescale | |
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| The astronomical timescale | |
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| Intercalibration of decay constants | |
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| Thermochronometry | |
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| Arrhenius modelling | |
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| Complex diffusion models | |
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| K-feldspar thermochronometry | |
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| References | |
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| Rare-gas geochemistry | |
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| Helium | |
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| Mass spectrometry | |
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| Helium production in nature | |
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| Terrestrial primordial helium | |
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| The 'two-reservoir' model | |
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| Crustal helium | |
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| Helium and volatiles | |
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| Helium and interplanetary dust | |
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| Neon | |
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| Neon production | |
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| Solar neon in the earth | |
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| Neon and helium | |
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| Argon | |
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| Terrestrial primordial argon | |
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| Neon-argon | |
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| Argon-38 | |
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| Xenon | |
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| Iodogenic xenon | |
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| Fissiogenic xenon | |
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| Solar xenon | |
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| References | |
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| U-series dating | |
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| Secular equilibrium and disequilibrium | |
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| Analytical methods | |
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| Mass spectrometry | |
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| Daughter-excess methods | |
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| [superscript 234]U dating of carbonates | |
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| [superscript 234]U dating of Fe-Mn crusts | |
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| [superscript 230]Th sediment dating | |
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| [superscript 230]Th-[superscript 232]Th | |
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| [superscript 230]Th sediment stratigraphy | |
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| [superscript 231]Pa-[superscript 230]Th | |
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| [superscript 210]Pb | |
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| Daughter-deficiency methods | |
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| [superscript 230]Th: theory | |
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| [superscript 230]Th: applications | |
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| [superscript 230]Th: dirty calcite | |
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| [superscript 231]Pa | |
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| U-series dating of open systems | |
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| [superscript 231]Pa-[superscript 230]Th | |
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| ESR-[superscript 230]Th | |
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| References | |
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| U-series geochemistry of igneous systems | |
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| Geochronology of volcanic rocks | |
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| The U-Th isochron diagram | |
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| Ra-Th isochron diagrams | |
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| U-series model age dating | |
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| Magma-chamber evolution | |
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| The Th isotope evolution diagram | |
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| Short-lived species in magma evolution | |
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| Mantle-melting models | |
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| Melting under ocean ridges | |
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| The effect of source convection | |
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| The effect of melting depth | |
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| The effect of source composition | |
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| Evidence from short-lived species | |
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| Evidence for mantle upwelling rates | |
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| Evidence from Th-Sr and Th-U mantle arrays | |
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| Evidence for crustal melting and contamination | |
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| Sources of continental magmas | |
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| Subduction-zone processes | |
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| U-Th evidence | |
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| Ra-Th evidence | |
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| References | |
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| Cosmogenic nuclides | |
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| Carbon-14 | |
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| [superscript 14]C measurement by counting | |
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| The closed-system assumption | |
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| The initial-ratio assumption | |
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| Dendrochronology | |
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| Production and climatic effects | |
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| Radiocarbon in the oceans | |
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| The 'Ocean Conveyor Belt' | |
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| Accelerator mass spectrometry | |
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| Radiocarbon dating by AMS | |
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| Beryllium-10 | |
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| [superscript 10]Be in the atmosphere | |
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| [superscript 10]Be in soil profiles | |
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| [superscript 10]Be in snow and ice | |
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| [superscript 10]Be in the oceans | |
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| Comparison of [superscript 10]Be with other tracers | |
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| [superscript 10]Be in magmatic systems | |
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| Chlorine-36 | |
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| Iodine-129 | |
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| In situ cosmogenic isotopes | |
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| Al-26 meteorite exposure ages | |
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| Al-Be terrestrial exposure ages | |
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| Chlorine-36 exposure ages | |
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| References | |
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| Extinct radionuclides | |
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| Production and decay | |
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| Extant actinides | |
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| Xenon isotopes | |
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| I-Xe | |
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| Pu-Xe | |
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| I-Xe chronology | |
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| Very-short-lived species | |
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| Al-Mg | |
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| Ca-K | |
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| Be-10 | |
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| Short-lived species in planetary differentiation | |
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| Pd-Ag | |
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| Mn-Cr | |
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| Fe-Ni | |
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| Hf-W | |
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| [superscript 146]Sm-[superscript 142]Nd | |
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| Absent species | |
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| Cm-U | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Fission-track dating | |
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| Track formation | |
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| Track etching | |
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| Counting techniques | |
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| The population method | |
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| The external-detector method | |
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| Re-etching and re-polishing | |
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| Detrital populations | |
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| Track annealing | |
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| Uplift and subsidence rates | |
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| Track-length measurements | |
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| Projected tracks | |
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| Confined tracks | |
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| Pressure effects | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |