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Editor's Foreword | |
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Notation | |
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Historical introduction: photons and measurements using photons | |
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The discovery of photons | |
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The wave and particle properties of photons | |
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The Heisenberg uncertainty relations | |
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When do macroscopic objects behave quantum mechanically? | |
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Overview of this book | |
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The main principles of quantum mechanics | |
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The wave function | |
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Probabilistic interpretation of the wave function | |
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Single measurements and ensembles of measurements | |
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Reduction of a quantum state | |
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von Neumann's postulate of reduction | |
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Orthogonal measurements | |
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Nonorthogonal measurements | |
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Back action of the measuring device on the measured object | |
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Indirect measurements | |
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The two main types of quantum measurements | |
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An electron as the quantum probe | |
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Electron probe -- detailed analysis | |
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Formal description of an indirect measurement | |
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Quantum nondemolition measurements | |
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The standard quantum limit for the energy of an oscillator | |
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How can one overcome the standard quantum limit? | |
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The ponderomotive probe for energy | |
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Criteria for QND measurements | |
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Linear measurements | |
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The measurement process and the uncertainty relation | |
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Measurement accuracy and perturbations for linear measurements | |
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Sequences of linear measurements | |
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Continuous linear measurements | |
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Discrete and continuous measurements | |
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Uncertainty relations for continuous linear measurements | |
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Uncertainty relations for continuous linear measurements--rigorous analysis | |
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Linear, quantum 2N-pole systems | |
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The spectral representation | |
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Internal fluctuations of a linear measuring device | |
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Nonlinear systems for continuous measurements | |
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Fluctuational and dynamical back action of the measuring device | |
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Quantum Zeno paradox for exact measurements | |
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The equation of motion for the density operator during a continuous monitoring | |
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Quantum Zeno paradox for approximate measurements | |
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Detection of classical forces | |
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Aspects of quantum limits for the detection of a classical force | |
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Quantum probe oscillator | |
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Continuous quantum nondemolition monitoring | |
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Standard quantum limit for an oscillator | |
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Optimal detection of a classical force | |
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A probe oscillator coupled to a sensor that continuously monitors its number of quanta | |
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Energetic quantum limitations | |
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The energy of the probe and the minimum detectable force | |
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Energetic limits on sensitivity: general analysis | |
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Distinguishing evolutionary paths of a quantum object from each other | |
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Devices for measuring small mechanical displacements | |
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Parametric transducer for mechanical displacements | |
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Capacity transducer | |
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Fluctuations in a capacity transducer in the stationary regime | |
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Capacity transducer used to detect weak forces: stationary regime | |
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Capacity transducer: nonstationary regime | |
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Frequency upconverter | |
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Capacity transducer with two-side-band pumping | |
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Quantum nondemolition measurements of a resonator's energy | |
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Review of methods of measurement | |
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Measuring device based on cubic dielectric nonlinearity | |
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The role of dissipation | |
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Resonator coupled to a waveguide | |
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Nonclassical states of electromagnetic waves as tools for quantum measurements | |
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Quantum properties of a traveling electromagnetic wave | |
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QND measurements of the energy of a traveling electromagnetic wave | |
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Frequency-anticorrelated quantum state | |
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Doppler measurements with frequency-anticorrelated photons | |
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Statistical properties of a wave packet with a definite number of quanta | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Subject Index | |