| |
| |
| List of figures | |
| |
| |
| List of tables | |
| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| List of abbreviations | |
| |
| |
| |
| introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gender in the languages of the world | |
| |
| |
| |
| General approach and outline of the book | |
| |
| |
| |
| Presentation of data | |
| |
| |
| |
| gender assignment i: semantic systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Strict semantic systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tamil and other Dravidian languages | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other strict semantic systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Predominantly semantic systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Zande | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dyirbal | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ket | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ojibwa and other Algonquian languages | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lak and other Caucasian languages | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other partially semantic systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| The criteria on which semantic systems are based | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| gender assignment ii: formal systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Morphological systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Russian | |
| |
| |
| |
| Swahili and other Bantu languages | |
| |
| |
| |
| The features on which morphological systems are based | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phonological systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Qafar | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hausa | |
| |
| |
| |
| Godie and other Kru languages | |
| |
| |
| |
| Yimas | |
| |
| |
| |
| French | |
| |
| |
| |
| The features on which phonological systems are based | |
| |
| |
| |
| General characteristics of assignment systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overt and covert gender | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overlapping of assignment criteria | |
| |
| |
| |
| Problematic nouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| the psycholinguistic status of gender assignment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Borrowings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Assignment of borrowings by normal rules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Claims for special assignment rules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Child language acquisition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Experimental evidence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Residual meaning of gender | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diachronic evidence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| gender agreement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elements showing gender agreement | |
| |
| |
| |
| The form of gender agreement | |
| |
| |
| |
| The morphology of gender agreement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alliterative concord | |
| |
| |
| |
| A complex example: Khinalug | |
| |
| |
| |
| Limits on gender agreement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Syntactic restrictions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interaction with tense | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interaction with person | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interaction with number | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interaction with case | |
| |
| |
| |
| Morphological class | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phonological constraints | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lexical restrictions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lack of agreement: classifiers | |
| |
| |
| |
| The gaining and losing of gender agreement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| establishing the number of genders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Agreement classes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Controller genders and target genders | |
| |
| |
| |
| The relation of gender and number | |
| |
| |
| |
| Relation to semantics | |
| |
| |
| |
| The relation of controller genders to target genders | |
| |
| |
| |
| The maximalist problem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subgenders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overdifferentiated targets and pronominal gender systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inquorate genders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Defective nouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Consistent agreement patterns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Combined gender systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| target genders: syncretism and enforced gender forms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gender and number | |
| |
| |
| |
| Syncretism: further examples of convergent and crossed systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of syncretism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diachronic implications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Neutral agreement | |
| |
| |
| |
| The problem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Strategy 1: the use of a regular gender/number form | |
| |
| |
| |
| Strategy 2: the use of a unique neutral agreement form | |
| |
| |
| |
| Extension of use of neutral agreement forms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Neutral agreement: summing up | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gender agreement with noun phrases involving reference problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Use of one possible form by convention | |
| |
| |
| |
| Use of an 'evasive' form | |
| |
| |
| |
| Use of a special form | |
| |
| |
| |
| No strategy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| hybrid nouns and the agreement hierarchy | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Agreement Hierarchy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wider considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Personal pronouns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diachrony | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| gender resolution rules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Features requiring resolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Person resolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Number resolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gender resolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| The application of resolution rules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Agreement with one conjunct | |
| |
| |
| |
| Factors favouring resolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Semantic gender resolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Syntactic gender resolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mixed semantic and syntactic gender resolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Strategies for gender resolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Markedness: an inadequate motivation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Semantic justification and clear marking of plurality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diachrony | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| generalizations and prospects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Meaning and form | |
| |
| |
| |
| A perspective on gender systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Earlier research on gender | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diachrony | |
| |
| |
| |
| The rise of gender systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| The development of gender systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| The decline of gender systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prospects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Descriptive studies | |
| |
| |
| |
| The function of gender | |
| |
| |
| |
| Collaborative work | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Author index | |
| |
| |
| Language index | |
| |
| |
| Subject index | |