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| List of illustrations | |
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| List of tables | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Note on transcription | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The modern Indo-Aryan languages and dialects | |
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| Indo-Aryan: a bird's eye view | |
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| "Language" vs. "dialect" in the Indo-Aryan context | |
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| Hindi and Urdu | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan | |
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| Genetic connections | |
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| Migration hypotheses and associated problems | |
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| The traditional Indian view | |
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| The new linguistic environment | |
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| Subsequent spread of Indo-Aryan in the subcontinent and beyond | |
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| Foreign influences and contacts | |
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| The historical stages of Indo-Aryan | |
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| Sociolinguistic aspects of the history of Indo-Aryan | |
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| Comparative reconstruction | |
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| The nature of the New Indo-Aryan lexicon | |
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| General considerations | |
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| The traditional analysis: tadbhava and tatsama | |
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| The Sanskrit element in NIA | |
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| The "foreign" element in NIA: Perso-Arabic | |
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| The "foreign" element in NIA: Portuguese | |
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| The "foreign" element in NIA: English | |
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| The "foreign" element in NIA: pronunciation | |
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| NIA creativity: expressive forms | |
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| NIA creativity: onomatopoeia and sound symbolism | |
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| NIA creativity: echo-formations | |
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| NIA creativity: modern neologisms | |
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| Common basic vocabulary | |
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| NIA descriptive phonology | |
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| Descriptive problems | |
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| Secondary subsystems | |
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| The NIA consonants | |
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| Stop position | |
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| Nasals | |
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| Laterals and flaps | |
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| Fricatives | |
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| Semivowels | |
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| Voicing | |
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| Aspiration | |
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| Other correlations, and special sounds | |
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| Secondary consonants | |
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| Overview of NIA consonant "systems" | |
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| NIA vowels and associated features | |
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| NIA oral vowel systems | |
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| Further remarks on vowels | |
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| Diphthongs | |
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| Nasalization | |
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| Tone and murmur | |
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| Stress | |
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| Distributions | |
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| General positional privileges | |
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| Cooccurrence possibilities and constraints | |
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| Areal and typological comparisons | |
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| Writing systems | |
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| Origins of Brahmi | |
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| Evolution and diversification of Brahmi | |
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| Legacy of Brahmi | |
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| Perso-Arabic script for NIA languages | |
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| The Roman script for NIA languages | |
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| Historical phonology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Review of OIA phonology | |
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| MIA or "Prakritic" developments | |
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| Summary of the effects of the MIA changes | |
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| MIA local and other qualifications | |
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| The Common NIA developments | |
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| Effects of the Common NIA changes | |
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| Special developments | |
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| Exceptions to the mainstream developments | |
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| Regional and language-specific innovations | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Nominal forms and categories | |
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| Introduction: "forms and categories" vs. "morphology" | |
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| Gender | |
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| Number | |
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| Case | |
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| Definiteness | |
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| Adjectives | |
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| Pronouns | |
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| Verbal forms and categories | |
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| Introduction: the basic NIA system | |
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| Concord | |
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| Aspect | |
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| Tense/mood | |
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| Finite verb paradigms of the principal NIA languages | |
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| Verb stem I: valence and voice | |
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| Non-finite forms | |
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| Verb stem II: Aktionsart and the compound verb | |
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| Syntax | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The simple sentence: preliminaries | |
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| Word order | |
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| The nominal sentence | |
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| The problem of Subject in NIA | |
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| Ergative and quasi-ergative constructions | |
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| The Dative Subject construction | |
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| The Passive Agent | |
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| Other candidates for subjecthood | |
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| Summary | |
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| Object in NIA | |
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| The Noun Phrase | |
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| The Adjective Phrase | |
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| The Verb Phrase | |
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| Modifications of the simple sentence | |
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| Question formation | |
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| Negation | |
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| Displacement | |
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| Deletion | |
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| Coordinate structures and the "conjunctive participle" | |
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| Complex sentences | |
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| Preliminaries | |
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| Nominal clauses | |
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| Adjectival clauses | |
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| Adverbial clauses | |
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| Conditional constructions | |
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| Causative constructions | |
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| Inventory of NIA languages and dialetcs | |
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| Schemes of NIA subclassification | |
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| Notes | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index of languages | |
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| General index | |