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| Preface | |
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| Introduction: A Brief Tour Guide to Philosophy | |
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| The Ancient Period | |
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| The Greek Cultural Context: From Poetry to Philosophy | |
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| Greek Philosophy before Socrates | |
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| The Sophists and Socrates | |
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| Plato: The Search for Ultimate Truth and Reality | |
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| Aristotle: Understanding the Natural World | |
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| Classical Philosophy after Aristotle | |
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| The Middle Ages | |
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| Cultural Context: The Development of Christian Thought | |
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| St. Augustine: Philosophy in the Service of Faith | |
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| Early Medieval Philosophy | |
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| Philosophy and Theology in the 11th and 12th Centuries | |
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| St. Thomas Aquinas: Aristotle's Philosophy and Christian Thought | |
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| The Unraveling of the Medieval Synthesis | |
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| The Modern Period | |
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| Cultural Context: Renaissance, Reformation, and the Rise of Modern Science | |
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| Early Empiricists: Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes | |
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| Rene Descartes: Founder of Modern Philosophy | |
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| Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza: Rationalist and Mystic | |
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| Gottfried Leibniz: The Optimistic Rationalist | |
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| Cultural Context: The Enlightenment and the Age of Newton | |
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| John Locke: The Rise of Modern Empiricism | |
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| George Berkeley: Following the Road of Empiricism | |
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| David Hume: The Scottish Skeptic | |
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| Immanuel Kant: Finding the Powers and Limits of the Mind | |
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| The Nineteenth-Century Cultural Context: Romanticism, Science, and the Sense of History | |
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| G.W.F. Hegel: Biographer of the World Spirit | |
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| Karl Marx: A Philosophy of the Changing World | |
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| Soren Kierkegaard: The Founder of Religious Existentialism | |
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| Friedrich Nietzsche: The Founder of Secular Existentialism | |
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| Nineteenth-Century Empiricism: Comte, Bentham, and Mill | |
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| The Contemporary Period | |
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| The Twentieth-Century Cultural Context: Science, Language, and Experience | |
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| Pragmatism: The Unity of Thought and Action | |
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| Analytic Philosophy and the Linguistic Turn | |
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| Phemenology and Existentialism | |
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| Recent Issues in Philosophy | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |