| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| About the Authors | |
| |
| |
| The Study of Human Development | |
| |
| |
| How to Use This Book | |
| |
| |
| Learning and Study Aids | |
| |
| |
| Terminology | |
| |
| |
| Organization | |
| |
| |
| Thinking About Development | |
| |
| |
| Recurring Issues in Human Development | |
| |
| |
| Basic Forces in Human Development: The Biopsychosocial Framework | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Theories | |
| |
| |
| Psychodynamic Theory | |
| |
| |
| Learning Theory | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive-Developmental Theory | |
| |
| |
| The Ecological and Systems Approach | |
| |
| |
| Life-Span Perspective, Selective Optimization With Compensation, and Life Course Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Real People: Applying Human Development: Sarah and Elizabeth Delany | |
| |
| |
| The Big Picture | |
| |
| |
| Doing Developmental Research | |
| |
| |
| Measurement in Human Development Research | |
| |
| |
| General Designs for Research | |
| |
| |
| Designs for Studying Development | |
| |
| |
| Spotlight on Research: Stability and Change in Life Satisfaction | |
| |
| |
| Integrating Findings From Different Studies | |
| |
| |
| Conducting Research Ethically | |
| |
| |
| Communicating Research Results | |
| |
| |
| Applying Research Results: Social Policy | |
| |
| |
| Current Controversies: Stem Cell Research | |
| |
| |
| Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Learn More About It | |
| |
| |
| Prenatal Development, Infancy, and Early Childhood | |
| |
| |
| Biological Foundations: Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth | |
| |
| |
| In the Beginning: 23 Pairs of Chromosomes | |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms of Heredity | |
| |
| |
| Genetic Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Heredity, Environment, and Development | |
| |
| |
| Real People: Applying Human Development: Ben and Matt Pick Their Niches | |
| |
| |
| From Conception to Birth | |
| |
| |
| Period of the Zygote (Weeks 1-2) | |
| |
| |
| Current Controversies: Conception in the 21st Century | |
| |
| |
| Period of the Embryo (Weeks 3-8) | |
| |
| |
| Period of the Fetus (Weeks 9-38) | |
| |
| |
| Influences on Prenatal Development | |
| |
| |
| General Risk Factors | |
| |
| |
| Teratogens: Drugs, Diseases, and Environmental Hazards | |
| |
| |
| Spotlight on Research: Impact of Prenatal Exposure to PCBs on Cognitive Functioning | |
| |
| |
| How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development | |
| |
| |
| Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment | |
| |
| |
| Labor and Delivery | |
| |
| |
| Stages of Labor | |
| |
| |
| Approaches to Childbirth | |
| |
| |
| Adjusting to Parenthood | |
| |
| |
| Birth Complications | |
| |
| |
| Infant Mortality | |
| |
| |
| Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Learn More About It | |
| |
| |
| Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development | |
| |
| |
| The Newborn | |
| |
| |
| The Newborn's Reflexes | |
| |
| |
| Assessing the Newborn | |
| |
| |
| The Newborn's States | |
| |
| |
| Temperament | |
| |
| |
| Physical Development | |
| |
| |
| Growth of the Body | |
| |
| |
| The Emerging Nervous System | |
| |
| |
| Moving and Grasping-Early Motor Skills | |
| |
| |
| Locomotion | |
| |
| |
| Fine-Motor Skills | |
| |
| |
| Coming to Know the World: Perception | |
| |
| |
| Smell, Taste, and Touch | |
| |
| |
| Hearing | |
| |
| |
| Seeing | |
| |
| |
| Spotlight on Research: How Infants Become Face Experts | |
| |
| |
| Integrating Sensory Information | |
| |
| |
| Becoming Self-Aware | |
| |
| |
| Origins of Self-Concept | |
| |
| |
| Theory of Mind | |
| |
| |
| Real People: Applying Human Development: "Seeing Is Believing ..." for 3-Year-Olds | |
| |
| |
| Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Learn More About It | |
| |
| |
| The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood | |
| |
| |
| The Onset of Thinking: Piaget's Account | |
| |
| |
| Basic Principles of Cognitive Development | |
| |
| |
| Sensorimotor Thinking | |
| |
| |
| Preoperational Thinking | |
| |
| |
| Real People: Applying Human Development: Christine, Egocentrism, and Animism | |
| |
| |
| Spotlight on Research: Finding Toys in a Shrunken Room | |
| |
| |
| Evaluating Piaget's Theory | |
| |
| |
| Extending Piaget's Account: Children's Naive Theories | |
| |
| |
| Information Processing During Infancy and Early Childhood | |
| |
| |
| General Principles of Information Processing | |
| |
| |
| Attention | |
| |
| |
| Learning | |
| |
| |
| Memory | |
| |
| |
| Current Controversies: Preschoolers on the Witness Stand | |
| |
| |
| Learning Number Skills | |
| |
| |
| Mind and Culture: Vygotsky's Theory | |
| |
| |
| The Zone of Proximal Development | |
| |
| |
| Scaffolding | |
| |
| |
| Private Speech | |
| |
| |
| Language | |
| |
| |
| The Road to Speech | |
| |
| |
| First Words and Many More | |
| |
| |
| Speaking in Sentences: Grammatical Development | |
| |
| |
| Communicating With Others | |
| |
| |
| Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Learn More About It | |
| |
| |
| Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood | |
| |
| |
| Beginnings: Trust and Attachment | |
| |
| |
| Erikson's Stages of Early Psychosocial Development | |
| |
| |
| The Growth of Attachment | |
| |
| |
| What Determines Quality of Attachment? | |
| |
| |
| Attachment, Work, and Alternative Caregiving | |
| |
| |
| Real People: Applying Human Development: Lois, Bill, and Sarah | |
| |
| |
| Emerging Emotions | |
| |
| |
| Experiencing and Expressing Emotions | |
| |
| |
| Recognizing and Using Others' Emotions | |
| |
| |
| Regulating Emotions | |
| |
| |
| Interacting With Others | |
| |
| |
| The Joys of Play | |
| |
| |
| Helping Others | |
| |
| |
| Spotlight on Research: Are Empathic Children More Likely to Help? | |
| |
| |
| Gender Roles and Gender Identity | |
| |
| |
| Images of Men and Women: Facts and Fantasy | |
| |
| |
| Gender Typing | |
| |
| |
| Biological Influences | |
| |
| |
| Evolving Gender Roles | |
| |
| |
| Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Learn More About It | |
| |
| |
| School-Age Children and Adolescents | |
| |
| |
| Off to School: Cognitive and Physical Development in Middle Childhood | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Development | |
| |
| |
| More Sophisticated Thinking: Piaget's Version | |
| |
| |
| Real People: Applying Human Development: Combinatorial Reasoning Goes to the Races | |
| |
| |
| Information-Processing Strategies for Learning and Remembering | |
| |
| |
| Aptitudes for School | |
| |
| |
| Theories of Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Binet and the Development of Intelligence Testing | |
| |
| |
| Do Tests Work? | |
| |
| |
| Hereditary and Environmental Factors | |
| |
| |
| The Impact of Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status | |
| |
| |
| Special Children, Special Needs | |
| |
| |
| Gifted and Creative Children | |
| |
| |
| Children With Mental Retardation | |
| |
| |
| Children With Learning Disabilities | |
| |
| |
| Spotlight on Research: Improving Reading Skill in Children With Reading Disability | |
| |
| |
| Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | |
| |
| |
| Academic Skills | |
| |
| |
| Reading | |
| |
| |
| Writing | |
| |
| |
| Math Skills | |
| |
| |
| Real People: Applying Human Development: Shin-ying Loves School | |
| |
| |
| Effective Schools, Effective Teachers | |
| |
| |
| Current Controversies: Computers in the Classroom | |
| |
| |
| Physical Development | |
| |
| |
| Growth | |
| |
| |
| Development of Motor Skills | |
| |
| |
| Physical Fitness | |
| |
| |
| Participating in Sports | |
| |
| |
| Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Learn More About It | |
| |
| |
| Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood | |
| |
| |
| Family Relationships | |
| |
| |
| The Family as a System | |
| |
| |
| Dimensions and Styles of Parenting | |
| |
| |
| Siblings | |
| |
| |
| Divorce and Remarriage | |
| |
| |
| Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry: Child Abuse | |
| |
| |
| Peers | |
| |
| |
| Friendships | |
| |
| |
| Spotlight on Research: Influence of Best Friends on Sexual Activity | |
| |
| |
| Groups | |
| |
| |
| Popularity and Rejection | |
| |
| |
| Aggressive Children and Their Victims | |
| |
| |
| Television: Boob Tube or Window on the World? | |
| |
| |
| Influence on Attitudes and Social Behavior | |
| |
| |
| Influences on Cognition | |
| |
| |
| Criticisms of TV | |
| |
| |
| Understanding Others | |
| |
| |
| Describing Others | |
| |
| |
| Real People: Applying Human Development: Tell Me About a Gril That You Like a Lot | |
| |
| |
| Understanding What Others Think | |
| |
| |
| Prejudice | |
| |
| |
| Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Learn More About It | |
| |
| |
| Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence | |
| |
| |
| Pubertal Changes | |
| |
| |
| Signs of Physical Maturation | |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms of Maturation | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Impact of Puberty | |
| |
| |
| Health | |
| |
| |
| Nutrition | |
| |
| |
| Physical Fitness | |
| |
| |
| Threats to Adolescent Well-Being | |
| |
| |
| Information Processing During Adolescence | |
| |
| |
| How Does Information Processing Improve in Adolescence? | |
| |
| |
| Limits on Information Processing | |
| |
| |
| Spotlight on Research: Beliefs Can Interfere With Effective Reasoning | |
| |
| |
| Reasoning About Moral Issues | |
| |
| |
| Kohlberg's Theory | |
| |
| |
| Real People: Applying Human Development: Schindler's List | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Differences in Moral Reasoning | |
| |
| |
| Beyond Kohlberg's Theory | |
| |
| |
| Promoting Moral Reasoning | |
| |
| |
| Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Learn More About It | |
| |
| |
| Moving Into the Adult Social World: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence | |
| |
| |
| Identity and Self-Esteem | |
| |
| |
| The Search for Identity | |
| |
| |
| Ethnic Identity | |
| |
| |
| Self-Esteem in Adolescence | |
| |
| |
| The Myth of Storm and Stress | |
| |
| |
| Romantic Relationships and Sexuality | |
| |
| |
| Romantic Relationships | |
| |
| |
| Sexual Behavior | |
| |
| |
| Sexual Orientation | |
| |
| |
| Sexual Coercion | |
| |
| |
| Spotlight on Research: Why Are Some Boys More Likely to Perpetrate Dating Violence? | |
| |
| |
| The World of Work | |
| |
| |
| Career Development | |
| |
| |
| Real People: Applying Human Development: "The Life of Lynne," a Drama in Three Acts | |
| |
| |
| Part-Time Employment | |
| |
| |
| The Dark Side | |
| |
| |
| Drug Use | |
| |
| |
| Depression | |
| |
| |
| Delinquency | |
| |
| |
| Current Controversies: When Juveniles Commit Serious Crimes, Should They Be Tried as Adults? | |
| |
| |
| Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Learn More About It | |
| |
| |
| Young and Middle Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development | |
| |
| |
| When Does Adulthood Begin? | |
| |
| |
| Role Transitions Marking Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Going to College | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Views | |
| |
| |
| So When Do People Become Adults? | |
| |
| |
| Real People: Applying Human Development: Britney Spears's Transition to Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Physical Development and Health | |
| |
| |
| Growth, Strength, and Physical Functioning | |
| |
| |
| Health Status | |
| |
| |
| Lifestyle Factors | |
| |
| |
| Current Controversies: Binge Drinking on College Campuses | |
| |
| |
| Social, Gender, and Ethnic Issues in Health | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Development | |
| |
| |
| How Should We View Intelligence in Adults? | |
| |
| |
| What Happens to Intelligence in Adulthood? | |
| |
| |
| Spotlight on Research: The Seattle Longitudinal Study | |
| |
| |
| Going Beyond Formal Operations: Thinking in Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| The Role of Stereotypes in Thinking | |
| |
| |
| Who Do You Want to Be? Personality in Young Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Creating Scenarios and Life Stories | |
| |
| |
| Possible Selves | |
| |
| |
| Personal Control Beliefs | |
| |
| |
| Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Learn More About It | |
| |
| |
| Being With Others: Forming Relationships in Young and Middle Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Relationships | |
| |
| |
| Friendships | |
| |
| |
| Love Relationships | |
| |
| |
| Spotlight on Research: Patterns and Universals of Romantic Attachment Around the World | |
| |
| |
| The Dark Side of Relationships: Violence | |
| |
| |
| Lifestyles | |
| |
| |
| Singlehood | |
| |
| |
| Cohabitation | |
| |
| |
| Gay and Lesbian Couples | |
| |
| |
| Real People: Applying Human Development: Maggie O'Carroll's Story | |
| |
| |
| Marriage | |
| |
| |
| The Family Life Cycle | |
| |
| |
| Deciding Whether to Have Children | |
| |
| |
| The Parental Role | |
| |
| |
| Divorce and Remarriage | |
| |
| |
| Divorce | |
| |
| |
| Current Controversies: "Covenant Marriage," A Way to Keep Couples Together? | |
| |
| |
| Remarriage | |
| |
| |
| Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Learn More About It | |
| |
| |
| Work and Leisure: Occupational and Lifestyle Issues in Young and Middle Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Occupational Selection and Development | |
| |
| |
| The Meaning of Work | |
| |
| |
| Holland's Theory of Occupational Choice Revisited | |
| |
| |
| Occupational Development | |
| |
| |
| Job Satisfaction | |
| |
| |
| Spotlight on Research: The Connection Between Job Satisfaction and Employee Turnover | |
| |
| |
| Gender, Ethnicity, and Discrimination Issues | |
| |
| |
| Gender Differences in Occupational Selection | |
| |
| |
| Women and Occupational Development | |
| |
| |
| Ethnicity and Occupational Development | |
| |
| |
| Bias and Discrimination | |
| |
| |
| Current Controversies: Is It Sexual Harassment? | |
| |
| |
| Occupational Transitions | |
| |
| |
| Real People: Applying Human Development: Changing Occupations to Find Satisfying Work | |
| |
| |
| Retraining Workers | |
| |
| |
| Occupational Insecurity | |
| |
| |
| Coping With Unemployment | |
| |
| |
| Work and Family | |
| |
| |
| The Dependent Care Dilemma | |
| |
| |
| Juggling Multiple Roles | |
| |
| |
| Time to Relax: Leisure Activities | |
| |
| |
| Types of Leisure Activities | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Changes in Leisure | |
| |
| |
| Consequences of Leisure Activities | |
| |
| |
| Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Learn More About It | |
| |
| |
| Making It in Midlife: The Unique Challenges of Middle Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Physical Changes and Health | |
| |
| |
| Changes in Appearance | |
| |
| |
| Changes in Bones and Joints | |
| |
| |
| Reproductive Changes | |
| |
| |
| Current Controversies: Hormone Replacement Therapy | |
| |
| |
| Stress and Health | |
| |
| |
| Exercise | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Development | |
| |
| |
| Practical Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Becoming an Expert | |
| |
| |
| Lifelong Learning | |
| |
| |
| Personality | |
| |
| |
| Stability Is the Rule: The Five-Factor Model | |
| |
| |
| Spotlight on Research: Is Personality in Young and Middle Adulthood Set in Plaster? | |
| |
| |
| Change Is the Rule: Changing Priorities in Midlife | |
| |
| |
| Family Dynamics and Middle Age | |
| |
| |
| Letting Go: Middle-Aged Adults and Their Children | |
| |
| |
| Giving Back: Middle-Aged Adults and Their Aging Parents | |
| |
| |
| Real People: Applying Human Development: Taking Care of Mom | |
| |
| |
| Grandparenthood | |
| |
| |
| Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Learn More About It | |
| |
| |
| Late Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| The Personal Context of Later Life: Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Issues | |
| |
| |
| What Are Older Adults Like? | |
| |
| |
| The Demographics of Aging | |
| |
| |
| Longevity | |
| |
| |
| The Third-Fourth Age Distinction | |
| |
| |
| So How Long Will You Live? | |
| |
| |
| Physical Changes and Health | |
| |
| |
| Biological Theories of Aging | |
| |
| |
| Physiological Changes | |
| |
| |
| Health Issues | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Processes | |
| |
| |
| Information Processing | |
| |
| |
| Current Controversies: Information Processing in Everyday Life: Older Drivers | |
| |
| |
| Memory | |
| |
| |
| Creativity and Wisdom | |
| |
| |
| Mental Health and Intervention | |
| |
| |
| Depression | |
| |
| |
| Anxiety Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Dementia: Alzheimer's Disease | |
| |
| |
| Real People: Applying Human Development: What's the Matter With Mary? | |
| |
| |
| Spotlight on Research: Training Persons With Dementia to Be Group Activity Leaders | |
| |
| |
| Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Learn More About It | |
| |
| |
| Social Aspects of Later Life: Psychosocial, Retirement, Relationship, and Societal Issues | |
| |
| |
| Theories of Psychosocial Aging | |
| |
| |
| Continuity Theory | |
| |
| |
| Competence and Environmental Press | |
| |
| |
| Real People: Applying Human Development: Still Flying at 91 | |
| |
| |
| Personality, Social Cognition, and Spirituality | |
| |
| |
| Integrity Versus Despair | |
| |
| |
| Well-Being and Social Cognition | |
| |
| |
| Spotlight on Research: Understanding the Influences on Subjective Well-Being | |
| |
| |
| Religiosity and Spiritual Support | |
| |
| |
| I Used to Work at ...: Living in Retirement | |
| |
| |
| What Does Being Retired Mean? | |
| |
| |
| Why Do People Retire? | |
| |
| |
| Adjustment to Retirement | |
| |
| |
| Keeping Busy in Retirement | |
| |
| |
| Friends and Family in Late Life | |
| |
| |
| Friends and Siblings | |
| |
| |
| Marriage and Gay and Lesbian Partnerships | |
| |
| |
| Caring for a Partner | |
| |
| |
| Widowhood | |
| |
| |
| Great-Grandparenthood | |
| |
| |
| Social Issues and Aging | |
| |
| |
| Frail Older Adults | |
| |
| |
| Living in Nursing Homes | |
| |
| |
| Elder Abuse and Neglect | |
| |
| |
| Politics, Social Security, and Medicare | |
| |
| |
| Current Controversies: Saving Social Security | |
| |
| |
| Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Learn More About It | |
| |
| |
| The Final Passage: Dying and Bereavement | |
| |
| |
| Definitions and Ethical Issues | |
| |
| |
| Sociocultural Definitions of Death | |
| |
| |
| Legal and Medical Definitions | |
| |
| |
| Ethical Issues | |
| |
| |
| Current Controversies: The Terri Schiavo Case | |
| |
| |
| Thinking About Death: Personal Aspects | |
| |
| |
| A Life Course Approach to Dying | |
| |
| |
| Dealing With One's Own Death | |
| |
| |
| Death Anxiety | |
| |
| |
| Creating a Final Scenario | |
| |
| |
| The Hospice Option | |
| |
| |
| Real People: Applying Human Development: One Family's Experience With Dying | |
| |
| |
| Surviving the Loss: The Grieving Process | |
| |
| |
| The Grief Process | |
| |
| |
| Normal Grief Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Coping With Grief | |
| |
| |
| Spotlight on Research: Grief Processing and Avoidance in the United States and China | |
| |
| |
| Traumatic Grief Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Dying and Bereavement Experiences Across the Life Span | |
| |
| |
| Childhood | |
| |
| |
| Adolescence | |
| |
| |
| Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Late Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Putting It All Together | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Learn More About It | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Name Index | |
| |
| |
| Subject Index | |