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Preface | |
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Supplements | |
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Introduction | |
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Introduction | |
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What Is Anthropology? | |
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Cultural Anthropology | |
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Archaeology | |
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Linguistic Anthropology | |
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Physical Anthropology | |
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Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method | |
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The Anthropological Perspective | |
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Summary | |
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Critical Thinking Questions | |
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Media Resources | |
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Readings of Interest | |
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The Development of Evolutionary Theory | |
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Introduction | |
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A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought | |
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The Scientific Revolution | |
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Precursors to the Theory of Evolution | |
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The Discovery of Natural Selection | |
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Natural Selection | |
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Natural Selection in Action | |
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Constraints on Nineteenth-Century Evolutionary Theory | |
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Opposition to Evolution | |
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Summary | |
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Critical Thinking Questions | |
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Media Resources | |
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Readings of Interest | |
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The Biological Basis for Life | |
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Introduction | |
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The Cell | |
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DNA Structure | |
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DNA Replication | |
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Protein Synthesis | |
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What Is a Gene? | |
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Regulatory Genes | |
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Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis | |
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Mitosis | |
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Meiosis | |
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New Frontiers | |
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Summary | |
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Critical Thinking Questions | |
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Media Resources | |
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Readings of Interest | |
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Heredity and Evolution | |
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Introduction | |
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The Genetic Principles Discovered by Mendel | |
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Segregation | |
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Dominance and Recessiveness | |
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Independent Assortment | |
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Mendelian Inheritance in Humans | |
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Misconceptions Regarding Dominance and Recessiveness | |
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Polygenic Inheritance | |
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Genetic and Environmental Factors | |
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Mitochondrial Inheritance | |
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Modern Evolutionary Theory | |
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The Modern Synthesis | |
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A Current Definition of Evolution | |
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Factors That Produce and Redistribute Variation | |
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Mutation | |
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Gene Flow | |
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Genetic Drift and Founder Effect | |
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Recombination | |
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Natural Selection Acts on Variation | |
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Review of Genetics and Evolutionary Factors | |
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Summary | |
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Critical Thinking Questions | |
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Media Resources | |
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Readings of Interest | |
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Macroevolution: Processes of Vertebrate and Mammalian Evolution | |
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Introduction | |
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The Human Place in the Organic World | |
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Principles of Classification | |
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Constructing Classifications and Interpreting Evolutionary Relationships | |
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Definition of Species | |
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Interpretation of Species and Other Groups in the Fossil Record | |
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Vertebrate Evolutionary History: A Brief Summary | |
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Mammalian Evolution | |
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The Emergence of Major Mammalian Groups | |
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Processes of Macroevolution | |
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Adaptive Radiation | |
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Generalized and Specialized Characteristics | |
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Modes of Evolutionary Change | |
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Summary | |
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Critical Thinking Questions | |
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Media Resources | |
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Readings of Interest | |
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An Overview of the Primates | |
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Introduction | |
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Characteristics of Primates | |
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Primate Adaptations | |
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Evolutionary Factors | |
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Geographical Distribution and Habitats | |
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Diet and Teeth | |
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Locomotion | |
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Primate Classification | |
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A Survey of the Living Primates | |
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Prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises) | |
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Tarsiers | |
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Anthropoids (Monkeys, Apes, and Humans) | |
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Hominoids (Apes and Humans) | |
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Humans | |
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Endangered Primates | |
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Summary | |
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Critical Thinking Questions | |
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Media Resources | |
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Readings of Interest | |
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Primate Behavior | |
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Introduction | |
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The Evolution of Behavior | |
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Some Factors That Influence Social Structure | |
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Why Be Social? | |
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Primate Social Behavior | |
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Dominance | |
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Communication | |
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Aggressive Interactions | |
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Affiliation and Altruism | |
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Reproduction and Reproductive Behaviors | |
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Female and Male Reproductive Strategies | |
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Sexual Selection | |
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Infanticide as a Reproductive Strategy? | |
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Mothers, Fathers, and Infants | |
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Primate Cultural Behavior | |
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Language | |
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The Primate Continuum | |
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Summary | |
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Critical Thinking Questions | |
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Media Resources | |
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Readings of Interest | |
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Hominid Origins | |
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Introduction | |
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Early Primate Evolution | |
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Miocene Fossil Hominoids | |
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Definition of Hominid | |
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What's in a Name? | |
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The Bipedal Adaptation | |
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Biocultural Evolution: The Human Capacity for Culture | |
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Paleoanthropology as a Multidisciplinary Science | |
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Dating Methods | |
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Early Hominids from Africa | |
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Earliest Traces: Pre-Australopithecus Finds | |
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Australopithecus from East Africa | |
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Australopithecus afarensis from Laetoli and Hadar | |
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A Contemporaneous Non-Australopithecine Find? | |
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Later East African Australopithecine Finds | |
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Early Homo | |
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South African Hominids | |
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Earliest Discoveries | |
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Further Discoveries of South African Hominids | |
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Review of Hominids from South Africa | |
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Interpretations: What Does It All Mean? | |
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Continuing Uncertainties-Taxonomic Issues | |
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Putting It All Together | |
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Adaptive Patterns of Early African Hominids | |
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Summary | |
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Critical Thinking Questions | |
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Media Resources | |
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Readings of Interest | |
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The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo erectus and Contemporaries | |
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Introduction | |
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A New Kind of Hominid | |
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The Morphology of Homo erectus | |
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Brain Size | |
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Body Size | |
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Cranial Shape | |
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Dentition | |
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Who Were the Earliest African Emigrants? | |
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The Dmanisi Hominids | |
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Historical Overview of Homo erectus Discoveries | |
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Java | |
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Homo erectus from Java | |
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Peking (Beijing) | |
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Zhoukoudian Homo erectus | |
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Other Chinese Sites | |
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East Africa | |
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Summary of East African Homo erectus/ergaster | |
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North Africa | |
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Europe | |
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Technological and Population Trends in Homo erectus | |
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Technological Trends | |
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Population Trends | |
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Interpretations of Homo erectus: Continuing Uncertainties | |
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Summary | |
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Critical Thinking Questions | |
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Media Resources | |
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Readings of Interest | |
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Premodern Humans | |
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Introduction | |
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When, Where, and What | |
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The Pleistocene | |
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Dispersal of Middle Pleistocene Hominids | |
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Middle Pleistocene Hominids: Terminology | |
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Premodern Humans of the Middle Pleistocene | |
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Africa | |
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Europe | |
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Asia | |
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A Review of Middle Pleistocene Evolution | |
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Middle Pleistocene Culture | |
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Neandertals: Premodern Humans of the Upper Pleistocene | |
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France and Spain | |
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Central Europe | |
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Western Asia | |
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Central Asia | |
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Culture of Neandertals | |
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Technology | |
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Subsistence | |
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Symbolic Behavior | |
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Burials | |
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Genetic Evidence | |
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Trends in Human Evolution: Understanding Premodern Humans | |
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Summary | |
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Critical Thinking Questions | |
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Media Resources | |
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Readings of Interest | |
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The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans | |
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Introduction | |
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Approaches to Understanding Modern Human Origins | |
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The Complete Replacement Model (Recent African Evolution) | |
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Partial Replacement Models | |
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The Regional Continuity Model (Multiregional Evolution) | |
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Seeing the Big Picture | |
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The Earliest Discoveries of Modern Humans | |
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Africa | |
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The Near East | |
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Central Europe | |
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Western Europe | |
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Asia | |
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Australia | |
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Something New and Different | |
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Technology and Art in the Upper Paleolithic | |
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Europe | |
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Africa | |
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Summary of Upper Paleolithic Culture | |
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Summary | |
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Critical Thinking Questions | |
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Media Resources | |
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Readings of Interest | |
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Human Variation and Adaptation | |
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Introduction | |
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Historical Views of Human Variation | |
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The Concept of Race | |
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Racism | |
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Intelligence | |
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Contemporary Interpretations of Human Variation | |
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Human Polymorphisms | |
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Polymorphisms at the DNA Level | |
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Human Biocultural Evolution | |
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Population Genetics | |
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The Adaptive Significance of Human Variation | |
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Solar Radiation, Vitamin D, and Skin Color | |
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The Thermal Environment | |
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High Altitude | |
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Infectious Disease | |
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The Continuing Impact of Infectious Disease | |
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Summary | |
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Critical Thinking Questions | |
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Media Resources | |
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Readings of Interest | |
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The Anthropological Perspective on the Human Life Course | |
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Introduction | |
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Fundamentals of Growth and Development | |
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Nutritional Requirements for Growth | |
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Other Factors Influencing Growth and Development | |
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Genetics | |
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Hormones | |
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Environmental Factors | |
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The Human Life Cycle | |
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Pregnancy, Birth, and Infancy | |
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Childhood | |
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Adolescence | |
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Adulthood | |
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Aging | |
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Human Longevity | |
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Individuals, Society, and Evolution | |
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Are We Still Evolving? | |
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Sumary | |
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Critical Thinking Questions | |
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Media Resources | |
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Readings of Interest | |
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Lessons from the Past, Lessons for the Future | |
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Introduction | |
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How Successful Are We? | |
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Humans and the Impact of Culture | |
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The Loss of Biodiversity | |
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The Present Crisis: Our Cultural Heritage? | |
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Overpopulation | |
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The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming | |
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Looking for Solutions | |
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Summary | |
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Critical Thinking Questions | |
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Media Resources | |
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Readings of Interest | |
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Atlas of Primate Skeletal Anatomy | |
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Summary of Early Hominid Fossil Finds from Africa | |
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Population Genetics | |
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Sexing and Aging the Skeleton | |
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Glossary | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index | |