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| Introduction. Of What Use Is the Philosophy of Science? | |
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| The Rift Between Science and Philosophy | |
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| The Missing Link Between Science and the Humanities | |
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| Science as the Balance of Mind | |
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| Is the Scientist a "Learned Ignoramus"? | |
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| Technological and Philosophical Interest in Science | |
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| Obsolete Philosophies in the Writings of Scientists | |
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| Information or "Understanding"? | |
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| Footnotes for the Introduction | |
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| The Chain That Links Science With Philosophy | |
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| Facts and Concepts | |
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| Patterns of Description | |
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| Understanding by Analogy | |
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| Aristotle's Scheme of Natural Science | |
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| From "Confused Aggregates" to "Intelligible Principles" | |
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| "Science" and "Philosophy" as Two Ends of One Chain | |
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| The "Scientific" and the "Philosophical" Criteria of Truth | |
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| The Practical Use of "Philosophic Truth" | |
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| The Rupture of the Chain | |
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| How the Rupture Occurred | |
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| Organismic and Mechanistic Philosophy | |
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| How Science in the Modern Sense Was Born | |
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| Science as a Fragment of Philosophy | |
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| How "Science" Can Become "Philosophy" | |
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| Speculative Science and Metaphysics | |
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| The Belief in Intelligible Principles | |
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| "Science Proper" | |
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| Science, Common Sense, and Philosophy | |
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| Geometry: An Example of a Science | |
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| Geometry as the Ideal of Philosophy | |
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| "Intelligible Principles" and "Observable Facts" in Geometry | |
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| Descartes, Mill, and Kant | |
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| "Axioms" and "Theorems" | |
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| The Euclidean Axiom of Parallels | |
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| Non-Euclidean Geometry | |
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| "Validity" of Propositions in Geometry | |
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| "Formalization" of the Axioms | |
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| Formalization of "Congruence" | |
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| Operational Definitions in Geometry | |
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| The Twentieth-Century Conception of Geometry | |
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| The Laws of Motion | |
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| Before Galileo and Newton | |
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| The Ancient Laws of Motion Were "Organismic" | |
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| The Universe as an Organism | |
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| The Copernican System and the "Organismic" Laws of Motion | |
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| Newton's Laws of Motion | |
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| The Operational Definition of "Force" | |
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| The Operational Definition of "Mass" | |
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| Remnants of Organismic Physics in Newtonian Mechanics | |
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| Motion, Light, and Relativity | |
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| Aristotle, St. Augustine, and Einstein | |
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| "Relativity" in Newtonian Mechanics | |
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| Newton's Relativity and Optical Phenomena | |
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| The Electromagnetic World Picture | |
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| The Principles of Einstein's Theory | |
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| The "Theory of Relativity" Is a Physical Hypothesis | |
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| Relativity of Space and Time | |
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| The "Disappearance" and the "Creation" of Matter | |
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| Four-dimensional and Non-Euclidean Geometry | |
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| The Limitations of Euclidean Geometry | |
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| Relativity of Acceleration and Rotation | |
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| Curvature of Space | |
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| Is the World "Really Four-Dimensional?" | |
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| Metaphysical Interpretations of Relativistic Physics | |
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| Metaphysical Interpretations of "Inertia," | |
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| The "Indestructibility of Matter" as a Metaphysical Interpretation | |
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| Metaphysical "Implications" of the Theory of Relativity | |
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| In What Sense Does the Theory of Relativity Refute Materialism? | |
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| Is the Theory of Relativity Dogmatic? | |
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| Motion of Atomic Objects | |
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| Newton Was No Newtonian | |
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| The "Crucial Experiment" Versus the Corpuscular Theory of Light | |
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| A Second "Crucial Experiment," | |
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| The Laws of Motion for Light Quanta | |
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| The Laws of Motion for Very Small Material Particles | |
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| The New Language of the Atomic World | |
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| Heisenberg's Uncertainty Relation | |
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| Bohr's Principle of Complementarity | |
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| "Position and Momentum of a Particle" Has No Operational Meaning | |
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| Facts, Words, and Atoms | |
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| Phenomena and Interphenomena | |
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| The Variety of Formulations in Atomic Physics | |
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| Metaphysical Interpretations of the Atomic World | |
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| The "Spiritual Element" in Atomic Physics | |
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| Popular Interpretations of Atomic Physics | |
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| Science and Metaphysics in the Principle of "Indeterminacy," | |
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| Physics and "Free Will," | |
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| Causal Laws | |
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| The Meaning of "Predetermination," | |
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| LaPlace, Newton, and the Omniscient Intelligence | |
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| The Mathematical Form of a Causal Law | |
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| Relevant and Irrelevant Variables | |
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| Causal Laws in Field Theory | |
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| "Gaps" in Causal Laws | |
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| The Principle of Causality | |
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| Discussion of How to Formulate the General Principle of Causality | |
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| Causality as a Recurrence of Sequences | |
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| Causality as the Existence of Laws | |
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| Causal Law and Statistical Law | |
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| The Science of Science | |
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| The Place of Induction in Ancient and Modern Science | |
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| Induction, General Laws, and Single Facts | |
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| Induction by New Concepts | |
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| Concepts and Operational Definitions | |
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| Induction by Intuition and Induction by Enumeration | |
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| The Validation of Theories | |
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| Induction and Statistical Probability | |
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| Statistical and Logical Probability | |
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| Which Theory of Probability Is Valid? | |
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| Theories of High Generality | |
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| The Role of Causality in Twentieth-Century Science | |
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| The "Scientific" Criteria for the Acceptance of Theories | |
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| The Role of "Extrascientific" Reasons | |
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| Footnotes | |