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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Stress and Strain | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Tensor Notation for Stress | |
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| Stress in Rotated Coordinate System | |
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| Principal Stress | |
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| Principal Stresses in Three Dimensions | |
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| Stress Invariants | |
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| Stress Deviator | |
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| Strain | |
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| True Strees and True Strain | |
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| True Strain | |
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| True Stress | |
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| Problems | |
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| Types of Mechanical Behavior | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Elasticity and Brittle Fracture | |
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| Permanent Deformation | |
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| Elasticity | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Elasticity of Isotropic Bodies | |
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| Reduced Notation for Stresses, Strains, and Elastic Constants | |
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| Effect of Symmetry on Elastic Constants | |
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| Orientation Dependence of Elastic Moduli in Single Crystals and Composites | |
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| Values of Polycrystalline Moduli in Terms of Single-Crystal Constants | |
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| Variation of Elastic Constants with Lattice Parameter | |
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| Variation of Elastic Constants with Temperature | |
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| Elastic Properties of Porous Ceramics | |
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| Stored Elastic Energy | |
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| Problems | |
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| Strength of Defect-Free Solids | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Theoretical Strength in Tension | |
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| Theoretical Strength in Shear | |
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| Problems | |
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| Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Stress Concentrations | |
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| Griffith Theory of Fracture of a Brittle Solid | |
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| Stress at Crack Tip: An Estimate | |
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| Crack Shape in Brittle Solids | |
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| Irwin Formulation of Fracture Mechanics: Stress Intensity Factor | |
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| Irwin Formulation of Fracture Mechanics: Energy Release Rate | |
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| Relationship between G and KI | |
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| Some Useful Stress Intensity Factors | |
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| The J Integral | |
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| Cracks with Internal Loading | |
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| Failure under Multiaxial Stress | |
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| Problems | |
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| Measurements of Elasticity, Strength, and Fracture Toughness | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Tensile Tests | |
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| Flexure Test | |
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| Three-Point Bending | |
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| Four-Point Bending | |
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| Fracture Toughness Measurement by Bending | |
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| Double-Cantilever-Beam Test | |
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| Double-Torsion Test | |
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| Indentation Test | |
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| Direct Method | |
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| Indirect Method | |
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| Modified Method | |
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| Summary of the Three Methods | |
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| ASTM Standard C 1421 Method | |
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| Biaxial Flexure Testing | |
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| Elastic Constant Determination Using Vibrational and Ultrasonic Methods | |
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| Problems | |
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| Statistical Treatment of Strength | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Statistical Distributions | |
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| Strength Distribution Functions | |
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| Gaussian, or Normal, Distribution | |
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| Weibull Distribution | |
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| Comparison of the Normal and Weibull Distributions | |
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| Weakest Link Theory | |
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| Determining Weibull Parameters | |
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| Effect of Specimen Size | |
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| Adaptation to Bend Testing | |
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| Safety Factors | |
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| Example of Safe Stress Calculation | |
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| Proof Testing | |
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| Use of Pooled Fracture Data in Linear Regression Determination of Weibull Parameters | |
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| Method of Maximum Likelihood in Weibull Parameter Estimation | |
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| Statistics of Failure under Multiaxial Stress | |
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| Effects of Slow Crack Propagation and R-Curve Behavior on Statistical Distributions of Strength | |
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| Surface Flaw Distributions and Multiple Flaw Distributions | |
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| Problems | |
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| Subcritical Crack Propagation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Observed Subcritical Crack Propagation | |
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| Crack Velocity Theory and Molecular Mechanism | |
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| Time to Failure under Constant Stress | |
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| Failure under Constant Stress Rate | |
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| Comparison of Times to Failure under Constant Stress and Constant Stress Rate | |
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| Relation of Weibull Statistical Parameters with and without Subcritical Crack Growth | |
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| Construction of Strength-Probability-Time Diagrams | |
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| Proof Testing to Guarantee Minimum Life | |
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| Subcritical Crack Growth and Failure from Flaws Originating From Residual Stress Concentrations | |
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| Slow Crack Propagation at High Temperature | |
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| Problems | |
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| Stable Crack Propagation and R-Curve Behavior | |
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| Introduction | |
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| R-Curve (T-Curve) Concept | |
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| R-Curve Effects of Strength Distributions | |
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| Effect of R Curve on Subcritical Crack Growth | |
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| Problems | |
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| Overview of Toughening Mechanisms in Ceramics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Toughening by Crack Deflection | |
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| Toughening by Crack Bowing | |
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| General Remarks on Crack Tip Shielding | |
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| Effect of Microstructure on Toughness and Strength | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fracture Models in Polycrystalline Ceramics | |
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| Crystalline Anisotropy in Polycrystalline Ceramics | |
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| Effect of Grain Size on Toughness | |
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| Natural Flaws in Polycrystalline Ceramics | |
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| Effect of Grain Size on Fracture Strength | |
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| Effect of Second-Phase Particles on Fracture Strength | |
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| Relationship between Strength and Toughness | |
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| Effect of Porosity on Toughness and Strength | |
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| Fracture of Traditional Ceramics | |
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| Problems | |
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| Toughening by Transformation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic Facts of Transformation Toughening | |
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| Theory of Transformation Toughening | |
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| Shear-Dilatant Transformation Theory | |
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| Grain-Size-Dependent Transformation Behavior | |
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| Application of Theory to Ca-Stabilized Zirconia | |
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| Problems | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Continuous-Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Elastic Behavior of Composites | |
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| Fracture Behavior of Composites with Continuous, Aligned Fibers | |
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| Complete Matrix Cracking of Composites with Continuous, Aligned Fibers | |
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| Propagation of Short, Fully Bridged Cracks | |
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| Propagation of Partially Bridged Cracks | |
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| Additional Treatment of Crack-Bridging Effects | |
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| Additional Statistical Treatments | |
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| Summary of Fiber-Toughening Mechanisms | |
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| Other Failure Mechanisms in Continuous, Aligned-Fiber Composites | |
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| Tensile Stress-Strain Curve of Continuous, Aligned-Fiber Composites | |
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| Laminated Composites | |
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| Problems | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Whisker-, Ligament-, and Platelet-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Model for Whisker Toughening | |
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| Combined Toughening Mechanisms in Whisker-Reinforced Composites | |
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| Ligament-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites | |
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| Platelet-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites | |
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| Problems | |
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| Cyclic Fatigue of Ceramics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Cyclic Fatigue of Metals | |
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| Cyclic Fatigue of Ceramics | |
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| Mechanisms of Cyclic Fatigue of Ceramics | |
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| Cyclic Fatigue by Degradation of Crack Bridges | |
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| Short-Crack Fatigue of Ceramics | |
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| Implications of Cyclic Fatigue in Design of Ceramics | |
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| Problems | |
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| Thermal Stress and Thermal Shock in Ceramics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Magnitude of Thermal Stresses | |
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| Figure of Merit for Various Thermal Stress Conditions | |
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| Crack Propagation under Thermal Stress | |
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| Problems | |
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| Fractography | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Qualitative Features of Fracture Surfaces | |
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| Quantitative Fractography | |
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| Fractal Concepts in Fractography | |
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| Fractography of Single Crystals and Polycrystals | |
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| Problems | |
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| Dislocations and Plastic Deformation in Ductile Crystals | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definition of Dislocations | |
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| Glide and Climb of Dislocations | |
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| Force on a Dislocation | |
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| Stress Field and Energy of a Dislocation | |
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| Force Required to Move a Dislocation | |
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| Line Tension of a Dislocation | |
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| Dislocation Multiplication | |
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| Forces between Dislocations | |
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| Dislocation Pileups | |
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| Orowan's Equation for Strain Rate | |
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| Dislocation Velocity | |
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| Hardening by Solid Solution and Precipitation | |
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| Slip Systems | |
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| Partial Dislocations | |
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| Deformation Twinning | |
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| Problems | |
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| Dislocations and Plastic Deformation in Ceramics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Slip Systems in Ceramics | |
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| Independent Slip Systems | |
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| Plastic Deformation in Single-Crystal Alumina | |
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| Twinning in Aluminum Oxide | |
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| Plastic Deformation of Single-Crystal Magnesium Oxide | |
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| Plastic Deformation of Single-Crystal Cubic Zirconia | |
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| Problems | |
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| Creep in Ceramics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nabarro-Herring Creep | |
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| Combined Diffusional Creep Mechanisms | |
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| Power Law Creep | |
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| Combined Diffusional and Power Law Creep | |
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| Role of Grain Boundaries in High-Temperature Deformation and Failure | |
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| Damage-Enhanced Creep | |
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| Superplasticity | |
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| Deformation Mechanism Maps | |
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| Problems | |
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| Creep Rupture at High Temperatures and Safe Life Design | |
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| Introduction | |
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| General Process of Creep Damage and Failure in Ceramics | |
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| Monkman-Grant Technique of Life Prediction | |
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| Two-Stage Strain Projection Technique | |
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| Fracture Mechanism Maps | |
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| Problems | |
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| Hardness and Wear | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Spherical Indenters versus Sharp Indenters | |
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| Methods of Hardness Measurement | |
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| Deformation around Indentation | |
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| Cracking around Indentation | |
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| Indentation Size Effect | |
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| Wear Resistance | |
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| Problems | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Glass and Glass Ceramics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Typical Inorganic Glasses | |
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| Viscosity of Glass | |
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| Elasticity of Inorganic Glasses | |
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| Strength and Fracture Surface Energy of Inorganic Glasses | |
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| Achieving High Strength in Bulk Glasses | |
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| Glass Ceramics | |
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| Problems | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Polycrystalline Ceramics in General and Design Considerations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mechanical Properties of Polycrystalline Ceramics in General | |
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| Design Involving Mechanical Properties | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |