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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Modern View of Power Systems | |
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| Power Quality | |
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| Interest in Power Quality | |
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| Definition of Power Quality | |
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| Events and Variations | |
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| Power Quality Monitoring | |
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| Signal Processing and Power Quality | |
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| Monitoring Process | |
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| Decomposition | |
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| Stationary and Nonstationary Signals | |
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| Machine Learning and Automatic Classification | |
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| Electromagnetic Compatibility Standards | |
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| Basic Principles | |
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| Stochastic Approach | |
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| Events and Variations | |
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| Three Phases | |
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| Overview of Power Quality Standards | |
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| Compatibility Between Equipment and Supply | |
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| Normal Operation | |
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| Normal Events | |
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| Abnormal Events | |
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| Distributed Generation | |
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| Impact of Distributed Generation on Current and Voltage Quality | |
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| Tripping of Generator Units | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| About This Book | |
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| Origin of Power Quality Variations | |
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| Voltage Frequency Variations | |
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| Power Balance | |
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| Power-Frequency Control | |
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| Consequences of Frequency Variations | |
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| Measurement Examples | |
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| Voltage Magnitude Variations | |
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| Effect of Voltage Variations on Equipment | |
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| Calculation of Voltage Magnitude | |
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| Voltage Control Methods | |
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| Voltage Unbalance | |
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| Symmetrical Components | |
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| Interpretation of Symmetrical Components | |
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| Power Definitions in Symmetrical Components: Basic Expressions | |
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| The dq-Transform | |
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| Origin of Unbalance | |
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| Consequences of Unbalance | |
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| Voltage Fluctuations and Light Flicker | |
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| Sources of Voltage Fluctuations | |
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| Description of Voltage Fluctuations | |
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| Light Flicker | |
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| Incandescent Lamps | |
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| Perception of Light Fluctuations | |
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| Flickercurve | |
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| Flickermeter Standard | |
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| Flicker with Other Types of Lighting | |
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| Other Effects of Voltage Fluctuations | |
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| Waveform Distortion | |
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| Consequences of Waveform Distortion | |
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| Overview of Waveform Distortion | |
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| Harmonic Distortion | |
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| Sources of Waveform Distortion | |
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| Harmonic Propagation and Resonance | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Voltage Frequency Variations | |
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| Voltage Magnitude Variations | |
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| Voltage Unbalance | |
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| Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker | |
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| Waveform Distortion | |
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| Processing of Stationary Signals | |
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| Overview of Methods | |
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| Parameters That Characterize Variations | |
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| Voltage Frequency Variations | |
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| Voltage Magnitude Variations | |
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| Waveform Distortion | |
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| Three-Phase Unbalance | |
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| Power Quality Indices | |
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| Total Harmonic Distortion | |
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| Crest Factor | |
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| Transformers: K-factor | |
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| Capacitor Banks | |
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| Motors and Generators | |
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| Telephone Interference Factor | |
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| Three-Phase Harmonic Measurements | |
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| Power and Power Factor | |
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| Frequency-Domain Analysis and Signal Transformation | |
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| Continuous and Discrete Fourier Series | |
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| Discrete Fourier Transform | |
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| Estimation of Harmonics and Interharmonics | |
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| Sinusoidal Models and High-Resolution Line Spectral Analysis | |
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| Multiple Signal Classification | |
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| Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques | |
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| Kalman Filters | |
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| Estimation of Broadband Spectrum | |
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| AR Models | |
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| ARMA Models | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Frequency Variations | |
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| Voltage Magnitude Variations | |
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| Three-Phase Unbalance | |
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| Waveform Distortion | |
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| Methods for Spectral Analysis | |
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| General Issues | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Processing of Nonstationary Signals | |
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| Overview of Some Nonstationary Power Quality Data Analysis Methods | |
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| Non-Model-Based Methods | |
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| Model-Based Methods | |
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| Discrete STFT for Analyzing Time-Evolving Signal Components | |
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| Interpretation of STFT as Bank of Subband Filters with Equal Bandwidth | |
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| Time Resolution and Frequency Resolution | |
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| Selecting Center Frequencies of Bandpass Filters | |
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| Leakage and Selection of Windows | |
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| Discrete Wavelet Transforms for Time-Scale Analysis of Disturbances | |
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| Structure of Multiscale Analysis and Synthesis Filter Banks | |
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| Conditions for Perfect Reconstruction | |
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| Orthogonal Two-Channel PR Filter Banks | |
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| Linear-Phase Two-Channel PR Filter Banks | |
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| Possibility for Two-Channel PR FIR Filter Banks with Both Linear-Phase and Orthogonality | |
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| Steps for Designing Two-Channel PR FIR Filter Banks | |
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| Discussion | |
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| Consideration in Power Quality Data Analysis: Choosing Wavelets or STFTs? | |
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| Block-Based Modeling | |
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| Why Divide Data into Blocks? | |
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| Divide Data into Fixed-Size Blocks | |
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| Block-Based AR Modeling | |
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| Sliding-Window MUSIC and ESPRIT | |
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| Models Directly Applicable to Nonstationary Data | |
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| Kalman Filters | |
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| Discussion: Sliding-Window ESPRIT/MUSIC Versus Kalman Filter | |
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| Summary and Conclusion | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Statistics of Variations | |
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| From Features to System Indices | |
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| Time Aggregation | |
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| Need for Aggregation | |
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| IEC 61000-4-30 | |
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| Voltage and Current Steps | |
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| Very Short Variations | |
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| Flagging | |
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| Phase Aggregation | |
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| Characteristics Versus Time | |
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| Arc-Furnace Voltages and Currents | |
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| Voltage Frequency | |
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| Voltage Magnitude | |
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| Very Short Variations | |
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| Harmonic Distortion | |
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| Site Indices | |
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| General Overview | |
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| Frequency Variations | |
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| Voltage Variations | |
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| Very Short Variations | |
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| Voltage Unbalance | |
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| Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker | |
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| Voltage Distortion | |
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| Combined Indices | |
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| System Indices | |
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| General | |
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| Frequency Variations | |
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| Voltage Variations | |
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| Voltage Fluctuations | |
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| Unbalance | |
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| Distortion | |
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| Power Quality Objectives | |
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| Point of Common Coupling | |
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| Voltage Characteristics, Compatibility Levels, and Planning Levels | |
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| Voltage Characteristics EN 50160 | |
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| Compatibility Levels: IEC 61000-2-2 | |
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| Planning Levels: IEC 61000-3-6 | |
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| Current Distortion by Customers: IEC 61000-3-6; IEEE Standard 519 | |
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| Current Distortion by Equipment: IEC 61000-3-2 | |
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| Other Power Quality Objectives | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Origin of Power Quality Events | |
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| Interruptions | |
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| Terminology | |
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| Causes of Interruptions | |
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| Restoration and Voltage Recovery | |
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| Multiple Interruptions | |
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| Voltage Dips | |
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| Causes of Voltage Dips | |
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| Voltage-Dip Examples | |
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| Voltage Dips in Three Phases | |
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| Phase-Angle Jumps Associated with Voltage Dips | |
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| Voltage Recovery After a Fault | |
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| Transients | |
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| What Are Transients? | |
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| Lightning Transients | |
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| Normal Switching Transients | |
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| Abnormal Switching Transients | |
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| Examples of Voltage and Current Transients | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Interruptions | |
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| Voltage Dips | |
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| Transients | |
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| Other Events | |
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| Triggering and Segmentation | |
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| Overview of Existing Methods | |
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| Dips, Swells, and Interruptions | |
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| Transients | |
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| Other Proposed Methods | |
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| Basic Concepts of Triggering and Segmentation | |
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| Triggering Methods | |
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| Changes in rms or Waveforms | |
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| High-Pass Filters | |
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| Detecting Singular Points from Wavelet Transforms | |
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| Prominent Residuals from Models | |
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| Segmentation | |
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| Basic Idea for Segmentation of Disturbance Data | |
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| Using Residuals of Sinusoidal Models | |
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| Using Residuals of AR Models | |
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| Using Fundamental-Voltage Magnitude or rms Sequences | |
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| Using Time-Dependent Subband Components from Wavelets | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Characterization of Power Quality Events | |
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| Voltage Magnitude Versus Time | |
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| Rms Voltage | |
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| Half-Cycle rms | |
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| Alternative Magnitude Definitions | |
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| Phase Angle Versus Time | |
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| Three-Phase Characteristics Versus Time | |
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| Symmetrical-Component Method | |
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| Implementation of Symmetrical-Component Method | |
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| Six-Phase Algorithm | |
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| Performance of Two Algorithms | |
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| Distortion During Event | |
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| Single-Event Indices: Interruptions | |
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| Single-Event Indices: Voltage Dips | |
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| Residual Voltage and Duration | |
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| Depth of a Voltage Dip | |
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| Definition of Reference Voltage | |
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| Sliding-Reference Voltage | |
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| Multiple-Threshold Setting | |
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| Uncertainty in Residual Voltage | |
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| Point on Wave | |
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| Phase-Angle Jump | |
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| Single-Index Methods | |
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| Single-Event Indices: Voltage Swells | |
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| Single-Event Indices Based on Three-Phase Characteristics | |
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| Additional Information from Dips and Interruptions | |
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| Transients | |
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| Extracting Transient Component | |
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| Transients: Single-Event Indices | |
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| Transients in Three Phases | |
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| Additional Information from Transients | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Event Classification | |
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| Overview of Machine Data Learning Methods for Event Classification | |
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| Typical Steps Used in Classification System | |
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| Feature Extraction | |
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| Feature Optimization | |
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| Selection of Topologies or Architectures for Classifiers | |
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| Supervised/Unsupervised Learning | |
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| Cross-Validation | |
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| Classification | |
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| Learning Machines Using Linear Discriminants | |
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| Learning and Classification Using Probability Distributions | |
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| Hypothesis Tests and Decision Trees | |
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| Neyman-Pearson Approach | |
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| Bayesian Approach | |
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| Bayesian Belief Networks | |
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| Example of Sequential Classification of Fault-Induced Voltage Dips | |
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| Learning and Classification Using Artificial Neural Networks | |
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| Multilayer Perceptron Classifiers | |
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| Radial-Basis Function Networks | |
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| Applications to Classification of Power System Disturbances | |
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| Learning and Classification Using Support Vector Machines | |
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| Why Use a Support Vector Machine for Classification? | |
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| SVMs and Generalization Error | |
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| Case 1: SVMs for Linearly Separable Patterns | |
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| Case 2: Soft-Margin SVMs for Linearly Nonseparable Patterns | |
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| Selecting Kernels for SVMs and Mercer's Condition | |
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| Implementation Issues and Practical Examples of SVMs | |
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| Example of Detecting Voltage Dips Due to Faults | |
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| Rule-Based Expert Systems for Classification of Power System Events | |
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| Structure and Rules of Expert Systems | |
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| Application of Expert Systems to Event Classification | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Event Statistics | |
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| Interruptions | |
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| Interruption Statistics | |
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| IEEE Standard 1366 | |
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| Transmission System Indices | |
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| Major Events | |
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| Voltage Dips: Site Indices | |
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| Residual Voltage and Duration Data | |
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| Scatter Plot | |
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| Density and Distribution Functions | |
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| Two-Dimensional Distributions | |
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| SARFI Indices | |
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| Single-Index Methods | |
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| Year-to-Year Variations | |
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| Comparison Between Phase-Ground and Phase-Phase Measurements | |
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| Voltage Dips: Time Aggregation | |
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| Need for Time Aggregation | |
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| Time Between Events | |
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| Chains of Events for Four Different Sites | |
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| Impact on Site Indices | |
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| Voltage Dips: System Indices | |
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| Scatter Plots | |
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| Distribution Functions | |
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| Contour Charts | |
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| Seasonal Variations | |
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| Voltage-Dip Tables | |
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| Effect of Time Aggregation on Voltage-Dip Tables | |
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| SARFI Indices | |
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| Single-Index Methods | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Interruptions | |
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| Voltage Dips | |
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| Time Aggregation | |
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| Stochastic Prediction Methods | |
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| Other Events | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Events and Variations | |
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| Power Quality Variations | |
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| Power Quality Events | |
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| Itemization of Power Quality | |
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| Signal-Processing Needs | |
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| Variations | |
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| Variations and Events | |
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| Events | |
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| Event Classification | |
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| IEC Standards on Power Quality | |
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| IEEE Standards on Power Quality | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |