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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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The Chemical Industry | |
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Introduction | |
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Structure of the chemical industry | |
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Raw materials and energy | |
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Fossil fuel consumption and reserves | |
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Energy and the chemical industry | |
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Composition of fossil fuels | |
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Base chemicals | |
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Processes in the Oil Refinery | |
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Oil refinery--an overview | |
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Physical processes | |
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Desalting/dehydration | |
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Crude distillation | |
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Propane deasphalting | |
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Thermal processes | |
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Visbreaking | |
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Delayed coking | |
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Catalytic processes | |
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Catalytic cracking | |
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Hydrotreating | |
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Hydrocracking | |
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Catalytic reforming | |
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Alkylation | |
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Conversion of heavy residues | |
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Flexicoking | |
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Catalytic hydrogenation of residues | |
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Treatment of refinery gas streams | |
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Removal of H[subscript 2]S from refinery exhaust gases | |
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Recovery of hydrogen from refinery gas streams | |
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Current and future trends in oil refining | |
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Reformulated gasoline | |
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Diesel | |
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The use of zeolites for shape selectivity in the oil refinery | |
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Alternative technology and fuels | |
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Steam Cracking: Production of Lower Alkenes | |
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Introduction | |
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Cracking reactions | |
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Thermodynamics | |
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Mechanism | |
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Kinetics | |
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Industrial process | |
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Influence of feedstock on steam cracker operation and products | |
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Cracking furnace | |
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Heat exchanger | |
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Coke | |
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Product processing | |
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Current and future developments | |
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Selective dehydrogenation | |
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Other sources of lower alkenes | |
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Synthesis Gas | |
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Introduction | |
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Synthesis gas from natural gas | |
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Reactions and thermodynamics | |
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Steam reforming process | |
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Advances in steam reforming | |
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Autothermic reforming | |
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Novel developments | |
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Coal gasification | |
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Gasification reactions | |
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Thermodynamics | |
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Current coal gasification processes | |
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Recent developments | |
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Applications | |
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Purification and adjustment of synthesis gas | |
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Conversion of carbon monoxide | |
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Gas purification | |
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Bulk Chemicals and Synthetic Fuels Derived from Synthesis Gas | |
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Ammonia | |
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Background information | |
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Thermodynamics | |
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Commercial ammonia synthesis reactors | |
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Ammonia synthesis loop | |
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Integrated ammonia plant | |
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Applications of ammonia | |
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Methanol | |
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Background information | |
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Thermodynamics | |
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Synthesis gas for methanol production | |
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Methanol synthesis | |
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Applications of methanol | |
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Fischer--Tropsch process | |
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Reactions and thermodynamics | |
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Reactors used in Fischer--Tropsch synthesis | |
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Carbon removal | |
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Processes | |
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Future developments | |
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Inorganic Bulk Chemicals | |
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Sulfuric acid | |
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Reactions and thermodynamics | |
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SO[subscript 2] conversion reactor | |
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Modern sulfuric acid production process | |
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Catalyst deactivation | |
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Nitric acid | |
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Reactions and thermodynamics | |
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Processes | |
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NO[subscript x] abatement | |
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Homogeneous Catalysis | |
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Introduction | |
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Wacker oxidation | |
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Background information | |
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Processes | |
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Acetic acid production | |
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Background information | |
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Methanol carbonylation process | |
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Process economics | |
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Hydroformylation | |
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Background information | |
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Thermodynamics | |
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Catalyst development | |
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Processes | |
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Dimethyl terephthalate and terephthalic acid production | |
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Background information | |
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Conversion of p-toluic acid intermediate | |
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Processes | |
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Process comparison | |
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Review of reactors used in homogeneous catalysis | |
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Choice of reactor | |
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Exchanging heat | |
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Review of catalyst/product separation methods | |
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Current separation techniques | |
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Future developments | |
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Heterogeneous Catalysis--Concepts and Examples | |
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Introduction | |
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Catalyst design | |
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Catalyst size and shape | |
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Mechanical properties of catalyst particles | |
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Reactor types and their characteristics | |
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Reactor types | |
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Exchanging heat | |
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Role of catalyst deactivation | |
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Other issues | |
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Novel developments in reactor technology | |
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Adiabatic reactor with periodic flow reversal | |
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Structured catalytic reactors | |
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Hybrid systems | |
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Selected examples of heterogeneous catalysis | |
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Ethylbenzene and styrene production | |
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Selective oxidations | |
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Monolith applications | |
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Fine Chemistry | |
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Introduction | |
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Plants for the production of fine chemicals | |
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Batch reactor design | |
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Mechanically stirred batch reactors | |
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Batch reactors for gas-liquid-solid systems | |
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Batch reactor scale-up | |
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Temperature control | |
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Heat transfer | |
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Example of the scale-up of a batch and semi-batch reactor | |
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Safety aspects of fine chemicals | |
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Thermal risks in the production of chemicals | |
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Safety and process development | |
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Summary of scale-up of batch reactors | |
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Polymerization Processes | |
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Introduction | |
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Polymerization reactions | |
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Types of polymerization | |
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Mechanisms of chain-growth polymerization | |
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Polyethenes - background information | |
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Catalyst development | |
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Classification and properties | |
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Applications | |
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Processes for the production of polyethenes | |
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Monomer production and purification | |
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Polymerization--exothermicity | |
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Production of LDPE | |
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Production of HDPE and LLDPE | |
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Economics of polyethene production processes | |
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Biotechnology | |
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Introduction | |
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Conversion Processes | |
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Introduction | |
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Mode of operation | |
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Type of reactor | |
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Sterilization | |
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Fermentation technology--cell biomass (bakers' yeast production) | |
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Process layout | |
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Cultivation equipment | |
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Downstream processing | |
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Fermentation technology--metabolic products (biomass as renewable energy source) | |
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Ethanol | |
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Biogas | |
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Environmental application--wastewater treatment | |
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Introduction | |
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Process layout | |
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Biological treatment processes | |
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Enzyme technology--biocatalysts for transformations | |
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General aspects | |
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Production of L-amino acids | |
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Production of artificial sweeteners | |
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Process Development | |
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Dependence of strategy on product type and raw materials | |
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The course of process development | |
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Development of individual steps | |
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Exploratory phase | |
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From process concept to preliminary flow sheet | |
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Pilot plants/miniplants | |
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Scale-up | |
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Reactors with a single fluid phase | |
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Fixed-bed catalytic reactors | |
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Catalyst stability and accumulation of impurities | |
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Safety and loss prevention | |
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Introduction | |
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Safety issues | |
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Reactivity hazards | |
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Design approaches to safety | |
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Process evaluation | |
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Introduction | |
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Capital cost estimation | |
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Operating costs and earnings | |
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Profitability measures | |
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Current and future trends | |
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Chemical industry--Figures | |
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Main Symbols used in Flow Schemes | |
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Index | |