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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Basic Principles Of Paramagnetic Resonance | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| A Simple EPR Spectrometer | |
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| Scope of the EPR Technique | |
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| Energy Flow in Paramagnetic Systems | |
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| Quantization of Angular Momenta | |
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| Relation Between Magnetic Moments and Angular Momenta | |
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| Magnetic Field Quantities and Units | |
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| Bulk Magnetic Properties | |
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| Magnetic Energies and States | |
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| Interaction of Magnetic Dipoles with Electromagnetic Radiation | |
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| Characteristics of the Spin Systems | |
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| Parallel-Field EPR | |
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| Time-Resolved EPR | |
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| Computerology | |
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| EPR Imaging | |
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| References | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Magnetic Interaction Between Particles | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Theoretical Considerations of the Hyperfine Interaction | |
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| Angular-Momentum and Energy Operators | |
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| Energy Levels of a System with One Unpaired Electron and One Nucleus with I = � | |
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| Energy Levels of a System with S = � and I = 1 | |
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| Signs of Isotropic Hyperfine Coupling Constants | |
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| Dipolar Interactions Between Electrons | |
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| References | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Isotropic Hyperfine Effects In Epr Spectra | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hyperfine Splitting from Protons | |
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| Hyperfine Splittings from Other Nuclei with I = � | |
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| Hyperfine Splittings from Nuclei with I > � | |
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| Useful Rules for the Interpretation of EPR Spectra | |
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| Higher-Order Contributions to Hyperfine Splittings | |
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| Deviations from the Simple Multinomial Scheme | |
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| Other Problems Encountered in EPR Spectra of Free Radicals | |
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| Some Interesting p-Type Free Radicals | |
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| References | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Zeeman Energy (G) Anisotropy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Systems with High Local Symmetry | |
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| Systems with Rhombic Local Symmetry | |
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| Construction of the g Matrix | |
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| Symmetry-Related Sites | |
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| EPR Line Intensities | |
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| Statistically Randomly Oriented Solids | |
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| Spin-Orbit Coupling and Quantum-Mechanical Modeling of g | |
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| Comparative Overview | |
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| References | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Hyperfine (A) Anisotropy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Origin of the Anisotropic Part of the Hyperfine Interaction | |
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| Determination and Interpretation of the Hyperfine Matrix | |
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| Combined g and Hyperfine Anisotropy | |
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| Multiple Hyperfine Matrices | |
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| Systems With I > � | |
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| Hyperfine Powder Lineshapes | |
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| References | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Systems With More Than One Unpaired Electron | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Spin Hamiltonian for Two Interacting Electrons | |
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| Systems with S = 1 | |
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| Interacting Radical Pairs | |
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| Biradicals | |
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| Systems with S > 1 | |
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| High-Spin and High-Field Energy Terms | |
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| The Spin Hamiltonian: A Summing up | |
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| Modeling the Spin-Hamiltonian Parameters | |
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| References | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Paramagnetic Species In The Gas Phase | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Monatomic Gas-Phase Species | |
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| Diatomic Gas-Phase Species | |
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| Triatomic and Polyatomic Gas-Phase Molecules | |
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| Laser Electron Paramagnetic Resonance | |
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| Other Techniques | |
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| Reaction Kinetics | |
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| Astro-EPR | |
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| References | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Transition-Group Ions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Electronic Ground States of d-Electron Species | |
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| The EPR Parameters of d-Electron Species | |
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| Tanabe-Sugano Diagrams and Energy-Level Crossings | |
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| Covalency Effects | |
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| A Ferroelectric System | |
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| Some f-Electron Systems | |
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| References | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Interpretation Of Epr Parameters | |
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| Introduction | |
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| �-Type Organic Radicals | |
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| �-Type Organic Radicals | |
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| Triplet States and Biradicals | |
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| Inorganic Radicals | |
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| Electrically Conducting Systems | |
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| Techniques for Structural Estimates from EPR Data | |
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| References | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Appendix 9A Hu�ckel Molecular-Orbital Calculations | |
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| HMO References | |
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| HMO Problems | |
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| Relaxation Times, Linewidths And Spin Kinetic Phenomena | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Spin Relaxation: General Aspects | |
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| Spin Relaxation: Bloch Model | |
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| Linewidths | |
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| Dynamic Lineshape Effects | |
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| Longitudinal Detection | |
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| Saturation-Transfer EPR | |
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| Time Dependence of the EPR Signal Amplitude | |
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| Dynamic Nuclear Polarization | |
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| Bio-Oxygen | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Noncontinuous Excitation Of Spins | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Idealized B<sub>1</sub> Switch-on | |
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| The Single B<sub>1</sub> Pulse | |
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| Fourier-Transform EPR and FID Analysis | |
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| Multiple Pulses | |
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| Electron Spin-Echo Envelope Modulation | |
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| Advanced Techniques | |
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| Spin Coherence and Correlation | |
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| References | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Double-Resonance Techniques | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Continuous-Wave ENDOR Experiment | |
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| Energy Levels and ENDOR Transitions | |
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| Relaxation Processes in Steady-State ENDOR5 | |
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| CW ENDOR: Single-Crystal Examples | |
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| CW ENDOR in Powders and Non-Crystalline Solids | |
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| CW ENDOR in Liquid Solutions | |
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| Pulse Double-Resonance Experiments | |
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| Electron-Electron Double Resonance (ELDOR | |
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| Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance | |
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| Fluorescence-Detected Magnetic Resonance | |
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| References | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Other Topics | |
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| Apologia | |
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| Biological Systems | |
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| Clusters | |
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| Charcoal, Coal, Graphite and Soot | |
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| Colloids | |
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| Electrochemical EPR | |
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| EPR Imaging | |
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| Ferromagnets, Antiferromagnets and Superparamagnets | |
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| Glasses | |
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| Geologic/Mineralogic Systems and Selected Gems | |
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| Liquid Crystals | |
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| “Point” Defects | |
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| Polymers | |
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| Radiation Dosage and Dating | |
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| Spin Labels | |
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| Spin Traps | |
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| Trapped Atoms and Molecules | |
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| Mathematical Operations | |
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| Complex Numbers | |
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| Operator Algebra | |
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| Determinants | |
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| Vectors: Scalar, Vector, and Outer Products | |
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| Matrices | |
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| Perturbation Theory | |
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| Dirac Delta Function | |
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| Group Theory | |
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| References | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Quantum Mechanics Of Angular Momentum | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Angular-Momentum Operators | |
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| Commutation Relations for General Angular-Momentum Operators | |
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| Eigenvalues of J<sup>2</sup> and J<sub>z</sub> | |
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| Superposition of States | |
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| Angular-Momentum Matrices | |
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| Addition of Angular Momenta | |
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| Notation for Atomic and Molecular States | |
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| Angular Momentum and Degeneracy of States | |
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| Time Dependence | |
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| Precession | |
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| Magnetic Flux Quantization | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Notes for Problem B.12 | |
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| The Hydrogen Atom And Selected Radicals Rh≪Sub≫N≪/Sub≫ | |
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| Hydrogen Atom | |
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| RH Radicals | |
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| RH2 Radicals | |
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| References | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Photons | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Physical Aspects of Photons | |
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| Magnetic-Resonance Aspects | |
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| References | |
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| Notes | |
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| Instrumentation And Technical Performance | |
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| Instrumental: Background | |
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| CW EPR Spectrometers | |
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| Pulsed EPR Spectrometers | |
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| Computer Interfacing with EPR Spectrometers | |
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| Techniques for Temperature Variation and Control | |
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| Techniques for Pressure Variation | |
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| References | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Experimental Considerations | |
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| Techniques for Generation of Paramagnetic Species | |
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| Lineshapes and Intensities | |
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| Sensitivity and Resolution | |
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| Measurements | |
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| References | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Problems | |
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| Epr-Related Books And Selected Chapters | |
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| Fundamental Constants, Conversion Factors, And Key Data | |
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| Miscellaneous Guidelines | |
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| Notation for Symbols | |
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| Glossary of Symbols | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| Exponent Nomenclature | |
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| Journal Reference Style | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |