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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Symbols and Notations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Historical Use of Foundations | |
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| Kinds of Foundations and their Uses | |
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| Spread Footings and Mats | |
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| Deep Foundations | |
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| Hybrid Foundations | |
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| Concepts in Design | |
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| Visit the Site | |
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| Obtain Information on Geology at Site | |
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| Obtain Information on Magnitude and Nature of Loads on Foundation | |
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| Obtain Information on Properties of Soil at Site | |
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| Consider Long-Term Effects | |
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| Pay Attention to Analysis | |
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| Provide Recommendations for Tests of Deep Foundations | |
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| Observe the Behavior of the Foundation of a Completed Structure | |
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| Problems | |
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| Engineering Geology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nature of Soil Affected by Geologic Processes | |
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| Nature of Transported Soil | |
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| Weathering and Residual Soil | |
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| Nature of Soil Affected by Volcanic Processes | |
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| Nature of Glaciated Soil | |
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| Karst Geology | |
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| Available Data on Regions in the United States | |
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| U.S. Geological Survey and State Agencies | |
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| Examples of the Application of Engineering Geology | |
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| Site Visit | |
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| Problems | |
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| Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Data Needed for the Design of Foundations | |
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| Soil and Rock Classification | |
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| Position of the Water Table | |
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| Shear Strength and Density | |
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| Deformability Characteristics | |
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| Prediction of Changes in Conditions and the Environment | |
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| Nature of Soil | |
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| Grain-Size Distribution | |
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| Types of Soil and Rock | |
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| Mineralogy of Common Geologic Materials | |
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| Water Content and Void Ratio | |
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| Saturation of Soil | |
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| Weight-Volume Relationships | |
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| Atterberg Limits and the Unified Soils Classification System | |
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| Concept of Effective Stress | |
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| Laboratory Tests for Consolidation of Soils | |
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| Spring and Piston Model of Consolidation | |
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| Determination of Initial Total Stresses | |
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| Calculation of Total and Effective Stresses | |
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| The Role of Effective Stress in Soil Mechanics | |
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| Analysis of Consolidation and Settlement | |
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| Time Rates of Settlement | |
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| One-Dimensional Consolidation Testing | |
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| The Consolidation Curve | |
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| Calculation of Total Settlement | |
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| Calculation of Settlement Due to Consolidation | |
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| Reconstruction of the Field Consolidation Curve | |
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| Effects of Sample Disturbance on Consolidation Properties | |
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| Correlation of Consolidation Indices with Index Tests | |
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| Comments on Accuracy of Settlement Computations | |
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| Shear Strength of Soils | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Friction Between Two Surfaces in Contact | |
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| Direct Shear Testing | |
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| Triaxial Shear Testing | |
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| Drained Triaxial Tests on Sand | |
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| Triaxial Shear Testing of Saturated Clays | |
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| The SHANSEP Method | |
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| Other Types of Shear Testing for Soils | |
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| Selection of the Appropriate Testing Method | |
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| Problems | |
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| Investigation of Subsurface Conditions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Methods of Advancing Borings | |
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| Wash-Boring Technique | |
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| Continuous-Flight Auger with Hollow Core | |
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| Methods of Sampling | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sampling with Thin-Walled Tubes | |
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| Sampling with Thick-Walled Tubes | |
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| Sampling Rock | |
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| In Situ Testing of Soil | |
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| Cone Penetrometer and Piezometer-Cone Penetrometer | |
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| Vane Shear Device | |
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| Pressuremeter | |
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| Boring Report | |
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| Subsurface Investigations for Offshore Structures | |
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| Problems | |
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| Principal Types of Foundations | |
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| Shallow Foundations | |
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| Deep Foundations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Driven Piles with Impact Hammer | |
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| Drilled Shafts | |
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| Augercast Piles | |
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| GeoJet Piles | |
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| Micropiles | |
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| Caissons | |
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| Hybrid Foundation | |
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| Problems | |
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| Designing Stable Foundations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Total and Differential Settlement | |
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| Allowable Settlement of Structures | |
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| Tolerance of Buildings to Settlement | |
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| Exceptional Case of Settlement | |
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| Problems in Proving Settlement | |
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| Soil Investigations Appropriate to Design | |
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| Planning | |
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| Favorable Profiles | |
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| Soils with Special Characteristics | |
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| Calcareous Soil | |
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| Use of Valid Analytical Methods | |
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| Oil Tank in Norway | |
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| Transcona Elevator in Canada | |
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| Bearing Piles in China | |
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| Foundations at Unstable Slopes | |
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| Pendleton Levee | |
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| Fort Peck Dam | |
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| Effects of Installation on the Quality of Deep Foundations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Effects of Installation of Deep Foundations on Nearby Structures | |
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| Driving Piles | |
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| Effects of Excavations on Nearby Structures | |
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| Deleterious Effects of the Environment on Foundations | |
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| Scour of Soil at Foundations | |
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| Problems | |
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| Theories of Bearing Capacity and Settlement | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Terzaghi's Equations for Bearing Capacity | |
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| Revised Equations for Bearing Capacity | |
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| Extended Formulas for Bearing Capacity by J. Brinch Hansen | |
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| Eccentricity | |
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| Load Inclination Factors | |
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| Base and Ground Inclination | |
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| Shape Factors | |
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| Depth Effect | |
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| Depth Factors | |
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| General Formulas | |
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| Passive Earth Pressure | |
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| Soil Parameters | |
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| Example Computations | |
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| Equations for Computing Consolidation Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Saturated Clays | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Prediction of Total Settlement Due to Loading of Clay Below the Water Table | |
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| Prediction of Time Rate of Settlement Due to Loading of Clay Below the Water Table | |
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| Problems | |
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| Principles for the Design of Foundations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Standards of Professional Conduct | |
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| Fundamental Principles | |
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| Fundamental Canons | |
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| Design Team | |
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| Codes and Standards | |
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| Details of the Project | |
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| Factor of Safety | |
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| Selection of a Global Factor of Safety | |
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| Selection of Partial Factors of Safety | |
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| Design Process | |
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| Specifications and Inspection of the Project | |
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| Observation of the Completed Structure | |
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| Problems | |
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| Appendix 8.1 | |
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| Geotechnical Design of Shallow Foundations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Problems with Subsidence | |
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| Designs to Accommodate Construction | |
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| Dewatering During Construction | |
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| Dealing with Nearby Structures | |
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| Shallow Foundations on Sand | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Immediate Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Sand | |
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| Bearing Capacity of Footings on Sand | |
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| Design of Rafts on Sand | |
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| Shallow Foundations on Clay | |
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| Settlement from Consolidation | |
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| Immediate Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Clay | |
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| Design of Shallow Foundations on Clay | |
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| Design of Rafts | |
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| Shallow Foundations Subjected to Vibratory Loading | |
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| Designs in Special Circumstances | |
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| Freezing Weather | |
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| Design of Shallow Foundations on Collapsible Soil | |
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| Design of Shallow Foundations on Expansive Clay | |
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| Design of Shallow Foundations on Layered Soil | |
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| Analysis of a Response of a Strip Footing by Finite Element Method | |
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| Problems | |
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| Geotechnical Design of Driven Piles Under Axial Loads | |
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| Comment on the Nature of the Problem | |
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| Methods of Computation | |
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| Behavior of Axially Loaded Piles | |
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| Geotechnical Capacity of Axially Loaded Piles | |
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| Basic Equation for Computing the Ultimate Geotechnical Capacity of a Single Pile | |
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| API Methods | |
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| Revised Lambda Method | |
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| U.S. Army Corps Method | |
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| FHWA Method | |
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| Analyzing the Load-Settlement Relationship of an Axially Loaded Pile | |
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| Methods of Analysis | |
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| Interpretation of Load-Settlement Curves | |
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| Investigation of Results Based on the Proposed Computation Method | |
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| Example Problems | |
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| Skin Friction | |
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| Analysis of Pile Driving | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Dynamic Formulas | |
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| Reasons for the Problems with Dynamic Formulas | |
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| Dynamic Analysis by the Wave Equation | |
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| Effects of Pile Driving | |
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| Effects of Time After Pile Driving with No Load | |
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| Problems | |
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| Geotechnical Design of Drilled Shafts Under Axial Loading | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Presentation of the FHWA Design Procedure | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Strength and Serviceability Requirements | |
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| General Requirements | |
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| Stability Analysis | |
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| Strength Requirements | |
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| Design Criteria | |
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| Applicability and Deviations | |
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| Loading Conditions | |
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| Allowable Stresses | |
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| General Computations for Axial Capacity of Individual Drilled Shafts | |
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| Design Equations for Axial Capacity in Compression and in Uplift | |
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| Description of Soil and Rock for Axial Capacity Computations | |
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| Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesive Soils | |
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| Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesionless Soils | |
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| Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesive Intermediate Geomaterials and Jointed Rock | |
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| Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesionless Intermediate Geomaterials | |
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| Design for Axial Capacity in Massive Rock | |
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| Addition of Side Resistance and End Bearing in Rock | |
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| Commentary on Design for Axial Capacity in Karst | |
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| Comparison of Results from Theory and Experiment | |
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| Problems | |
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| Fundamental Concepts Regarding Deep Foundations Under Lateral Loading | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Description of the Problem | |
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| Occurrence of Piles Under Lateral Loading | |
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| Historical Comment | |
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| Derivation of the Differential Equation | |
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| Solution of the Reduced Form of the Differential Equation | |
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| Respone of Soil to Lateral Loading | |
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| Effect of the Nature of Loading on the Response of Soil | |
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| Method of Analysis for Introductory Solutions for a Single Pile | |
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| Example Solution Using Nondimensional Charts for Analysis of a Single Pile | |
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| Problems | |
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| Analysis of Individual Deep Foundations Under Axial Loading Using t-z Model | |
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| Short-Term Settlement and Uplift | |
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| Settlement and Uplift Movements | |
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| Basic Equations | |
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| Finite Difference Equations | |
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| Load-Transfer Curves | |
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| Load-Transfer Curves for Side Resistance in Cohesive Soil | |
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| Load-Transfer Curves for End Bearing in Cohesive Soil | |
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| Load-Transfer Curves for Side Resistance in Cohesionless Soil | |
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| Load-Transfer Curves for End Bearing in Cohesionless Soil | |
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| Load-Transfer Curves for Cohesionless Intermediated Geomaterials | |
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| Example Problem | |
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| Experimental Techniques for Obtaining Load-Transfer Versus Movement Curves | |
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| Design for Vertical Ground Movements Due to Downdrag or Expansive Uplift | |
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| Downward Movement Due to Downdrag | |
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| Upward Movement Due to Expansive Uplift | |
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| Problems | |
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| Analysis and Design by Computer or Piles Subjected to Lateral Loading | |
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| Nature of the Comprehensive Problem | |
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| Differential Equation for a Comprehensive Solution | |
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| Recommendations for p-y Curves for Soil and Rock | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Recommendations for p-y Curves for Clays | |
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| Recommendations for p-y Curves for Sands | |
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| Modifications to p-y Curves for Sloping Ground | |
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| Modifications for Raked (Battered Piles) | |
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| Recommendations for p-y Curves for Rock | |
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| Solution of the Differential Equation by Computer | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Formulation of the Equation by Finite Differences | |
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| Equations for Boundary Conditions for Useful Solutions | |
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| Implementation of Computer Code | |
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| Selection of the Length of the Increment | |
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| Safe Penetration of Pile with No Axial Load | |
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| Buckling of a Pipe Extending Above the Groundline | |
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| Steel Pile Supporting a Retaining Wall | |
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| Drilled Shaft Supporting an Overhead Structure | |
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| Problems | |
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| Analysis of Pile Groups | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Distribution of Load to Piles in a Group: The Two-Dimensional Problem | |
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| Model of the Problem | |
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| Detailed Step-by-Step Solution Procedure | |
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| Modification of p-y Curves for Battered Piles | |
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| Example Solution Showing Distribution of a Load to Piles in a Two-Dimensional Group | |
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| Solution by Hand Computations | |
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| Efficiency of Piles in Groups Under Lateral Loading | |
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| Modifying Lateral Resistance of Closely Spaced Piles | |
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| Customary Methods of Adjusting Lateral Resistance for Close Spacing | |
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| Adjusting for Close Spacing under Lateral Loading by Modified p-y Curves | |
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| Efficiency of Piles in Groups Under Axial Loading | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Efficiency of Piles in a Group in Cohesionless Soils | |
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| Efficiency of Piles in a Group in Cohesive Soils | |
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| Concluding Comments | |
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| Problems | |
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| Appendix | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |