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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biophotonics--A New Frontier | |
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| An Invitation to Multidisciplinary Education, Training, and Research | |
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| Opportunities for Both Basic Research and Biotechnology Development | |
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| Scope of this Book | |
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| Fundamentals of Light and Matter | |
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| Nature of Light | |
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| Dual Character of Light | |
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| Propagation of Light as Waves | |
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| Coherence of Light | |
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| Light as Photon Particles | |
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| Optical Activity and Birefringence | |
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| Different Light Sources | |
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| Quantized States of Matter | |
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| Introductory Concepts | |
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| Quantized States of Atoms | |
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| Quantized States of Molecules: Partitioning of Molecular Energies | |
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| Electronic States of a Molecule | |
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| Bonding in Organic Molecules | |
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| Conjugated Organic Molecules | |
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| Vibrational States of a Molecule | |
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| Intermolecular Effects | |
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| Three-Dimensional Structures and Stereoisomers | |
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| Basics of Biology | |
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| Introductory Concepts | |
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| Cellular Structure | |
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| Various Types of Cells | |
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| Chemical Building Blocks | |
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| Interactions Determining Three-Dimensional Structures of Biopolymers | |
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| Other Important Cellular Components | |
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| Cellular Processes | |
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| Protein Classification and Function | |
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| Organization of Cells into Tissues | |
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| Types of Tissues and Their Functions | |
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| Tumors and Cancers | |
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| Fundamentals of Light-Matter Interactions | |
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| Interactions Between Light and a Molecule | |
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| Nature of Interactions | |
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| Einstein's Model of Absorption and Emission | |
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| Interaction of Light with a Bulk Matter | |
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| Fate of Excited State | |
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| Various Types of Spectroscopy | |
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| Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy | |
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| Electronic Luminescence Spectroscopy | |
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| Vibrational Spectroscopy | |
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| Spectroscopy Utilizing Optical Activity of Chiral Media | |
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| Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) | |
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| Principles of Lasers, Current Laser Technology, and Nonlinear Optics | |
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| Principles of Lasers | |
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| Lasers: A New Light Source | |
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| Principles of Laser Action | |
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| Classification of Lasers | |
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| Some Important Lasers for Biophotonics | |
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| Current Laser Technologies | |
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| Quantitative Description of Light: Radiometry | |
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| Nonlinear Optical Processes with Intense Laser Beam | |
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| Mechanism of Nonlinear Optical Processes | |
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| Frequency Conversion by a Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Process | |
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| Symmetry Requirement for a Second-Order Process | |
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| Frequency Conversion by a Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Process | |
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| Multiphoton Absorption | |
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| Time-Resolved Studies | |
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| Laser Safety | |
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| Photobiology | |
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| Photobiology--At the Core of Biophotonics | |
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| Interaction of Light with Cells | |
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| Light Absorption in Cells | |
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| Light-Induced Cellular Processes | |
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| Photochemistry Induced by Exogenous Photosensitizers | |
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| Interaction of Light with Tissues | |
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| Photoprocesses in Biopolymers | |
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| The Human Eye and Vision | |
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| Photosynthesis | |
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| In Vivo Photoexcitation | |
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| Free-Space Propagation | |
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| Optical Fiber Delivery System | |
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| Articulated Arm Delivery | |
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| Hollow Tube Waveguides | |
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| In Vivo Spectroscopy | |
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| Optical Biopsy | |
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| Single-Molecule Detection | |
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| Bioimaging: Principles and Techniques | |
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| Bioimaging: An Important Biomedical Tool | |
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| An Overview of Optical Imaging | |
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| Transmission Microscopy | |
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| Simple Microscope | |
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| Compound Microscope | |
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| Kohler Illumination | |
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| Numerical Aperture and Resolution | |
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| Optical Aberrations and Different Types of Objectives | |
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| Phase Contrast Microscopy | |
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| Dark-Field Microscopy | |
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| Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy (DIC) | |
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| Fluorescence Microscopy | |
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| Scanning Microscopy | |
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| Inverted and Upright Microscopes | |
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| Confocal Microscopy | |
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| Multiphoton Microscopy | |
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| Optical Coherence Tomography | |
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| Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy | |
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| Near-Field Optical Microscopy | |
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| Spectral and Time-Resolved Imaging | |
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| Spectral Imaging | |
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| Bandpass Filters | |
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| Excitation Wavelength Selection | |
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| Acousto-Optic Tunable Filters | |
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| Localized Spectroscopy | |
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| Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Imaging | |
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| Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) | |
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| Nonlinear Optical Imaging | |
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| Second-Harmonic Microscopy | |
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| Third-Harmonic Microscopy | |
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| Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) Microscopy | |
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| Future Directions of Optical Bioimaging | |
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| Multifunctional Imaging | |
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| 4Pi Imaging | |
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| Combination Microscopes | |
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| Miniaturized Microscopes | |
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| Some Commercial Sources of Imaging Instruments | |
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| Bioimaging: Applications | |
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| Fluorophores as Bioimaging Probes | |
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| Endogenous Fluorophores | |
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| Exogenous Fluorophores | |
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| Organometallic Complex Fluorophores | |
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| Near-IR and IR Fluorophore | |
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| Two-Photon Fluorophores | |
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| Inorganic Nanoparticles | |
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| Green Fluorescent Protein | |
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| Imaging of Organelles | |
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| Imaging of Microbes | |
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| Confocal Microscopy | |
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| Near-Field Imaging | |
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| Cellular Imaging | |
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| Probing Cellular Ionic Environment | |
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| Intracellular pH Measurements | |
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| Optical Tracking of Drug-Cell Interactions | |
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| Imaging of Nucleic Acids | |
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| Cellular Interactions Probed by FRET/FLIM Imaging | |
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| Tissue Imaging | |
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| In Vivo Imaging | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| Commercially Available Optical Imaging Accessories | |
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| Optical Biosensors | |
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| Biosensors: An Introduction | |
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| Principles of Optical Biosensing | |
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| Biorecognition | |
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| Optical Transduction | |
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| Fluorescence Sensing | |
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| Fluorescence Energy Transfer Sensors | |
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| Molecular Beacons | |
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| Optical Geometries of Biosensing | |
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| Support for and Immobilization of Biorecognition Elements | |
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| Immobilization | |
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| Fiber-Optic Biosensors | |
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| Planar Waveguide Biosensors | |
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| Evanescent Wave Biosensors | |
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| Interferometric Biosensors | |
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| Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors | |
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| Some Recent Novel Sensing Methods | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| Commercially Available Biosensors | |
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| Microarray Technology for Genomics and Proteomics | |
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| Microarrays, Tools for Rapid Multiplex Analysis | |
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| DNA Microarray Technology | |
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| Spotted Arrays | |
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| Oligonucleotide Arrays | |
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| Other Microarray Technologies | |
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| Protein Microarray Technology | |
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| Cell Microarray Technology | |
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| Tissue Microarray Technology | |
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| Some Examples of Application of Microarrays | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| Companies Producing Microarrays | |
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| Flow Cytometry | |
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| A Clinical, Biodetection, and Research Tool | |
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| Basics of Flow Cytometry | |
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| Basic Steps | |
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| The Components of a Flow Cytometer | |
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| Optical Response | |
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| Fluorochromes for Flow Cytometry | |
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| Data Manipulation and Presentation | |
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| Selected Examples of Applications | |
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| Immunophenotyping | |
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| DNA Analysis | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| Commercial Flow Cytometry | |
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| Light-Activated Therapy: Photodynamic Therapy | |
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| Photodynamic Therapy: Basic Principles | |
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| Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy | |
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| Porphyrin Derivatives | |
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| Chlorins and Bacteriochlorins | |
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| Benzoporphyrin Derivatives | |
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| 5-Aminolaevulinic Acid (ALA) | |
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| Texaphyrins | |
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| Phthalocyanines and Naphthalocyanines | |
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| Cationic Photosensitizers | |
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| Dendritic Photosensitizers | |
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| Applications of Photodynamic Therapy | |
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| Mechanism of Photodynamic Action | |
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| Light Irradiation for Photodynamic Therapy | |
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| Light Source | |
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| Laser Dosimetry | |
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| Light Delivery | |
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| Two-Photon Photodynamic Therapy | |
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| Current Research and Future Directions | |
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| Tissue Engineering with Light | |
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| Tissue Engineering and Light Activation | |
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| Laser Tissue Contouring and Restructuring | |
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| Laser Tissue Welding | |
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| Laser Tissue Regeneration | |
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| Femtolaser Surgery | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| Laser Tweezers and Laser Scissors | |
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| New Biological Tools for Micromanipulation by Light | |
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| Principle of Laser Tweezer Action | |
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| Design of a Laser Tweezer | |
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| Optical Trapping Using Non-Gaussian Beams | |
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| Dynamic Holographic Optical Tweezers | |
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| Laser Scissors | |
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| Laser Pressure Catapulting (LPC) | |
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| Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) | |
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| Selected Examples of Applications | |
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| Manipulation of Single DNA Molecules | |
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| Molecular Motors | |
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| Protein-Protein Interactions | |
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| Laser Microbeams for Genomics and Proteomics | |
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| Laser Manipulation in Plant Biology | |
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| Laser Micromanipulation for Reproduction Medicine | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| Technology of Laser Manipulation | |
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| Single Molecule Biofunctions | |
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| Commercially Available Laser Microtools | |
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| Nanotechnology for Biophotonics: Bionanophotonics | |
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| The Interface of Bioscience, Nanotechnology, and Photonics | |
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| Nanochemistry | |
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| Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Bioimaging | |
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| Metallic Nanoparticles and Nanorods for Biosensing | |
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| Up-Converting Nanophores | |
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| PEBBLE Nanosensors for In Vitro Bioanalysis | |
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| Nanoclinics for Optical Diagnostics and Targeted Therapy | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| Biomaterials for Photonics | |
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| Photonics and Biomaterials | |
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| Bioderived Materials | |
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| Bioinspired Materials | |
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| Biotemplates | |
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| Bacteria as Biosynthesizers for Photonic Polymers | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| Index | |