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| Preface | |
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| Measurement Systems | |
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| Studying Biomedical Engineering | |
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| Scales of Biological Organization | |
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| Fields of Biomedical Engineering | |
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| Fields of Biological Science | |
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| Workplace Environments for Biomedical Engineers | |
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| The Need for Bioinstrumentation | |
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| The Scientific Method | |
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| Clinical diagnoses | |
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| Feedback in Measurement Systems | |
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| Instrumentation | |
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| Measurands | |
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| Sensors | |
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| System Characteristics | |
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| Outputs | |
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| Panels and Series | |
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| Errors in Measurements | |
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| Sources of Error | |
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| Accuracy and Precision | |
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| Calibration | |
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| Statistics | |
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| Distributions | |
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| Statistical Estimations | |
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| Hypothesis Testing | |
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| Lifelong Learning | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Basic Concepts of Electronics | |
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| Electronic Components and Circuit Analysis | |
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| Current | |
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| Voltage and Potential | |
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| Resistors and Ohm's Law | |
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| Basic Circuit Analysis | |
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| Attenuators | |
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| Common Electrical Instruments | |
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| Capacitors | |
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| Inductors | |
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| First-Order Systems | |
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| Frequency | |
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| Series and Parallel Impedances | |
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| Electrical Safety | |
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| Amplifiers | |
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| Basic Op Amp | |
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| Ideal Op Amp | |
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| Inverter | |
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| Noninverting Amplifier | |
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| Differential Amplifiers | |
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| Comparators | |
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| Frequency Response | |
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| Filters | |
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| Input-Output Relationship of Filters | |
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| Low-pass Filter | |
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| High-Pass Filter | |
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| Other Filters | |
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| Timers | |
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| Analog-to-Digital (ADC) and Digital-to-Analog (DAC) Conversion | |
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| Number Systems | |
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| Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC) | |
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| Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) | |
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| Digital Signal Processing | |
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| Digital Signals | |
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| Sampling Theorem | |
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| Microcomputers | |
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| Structure of a Microcomputer | |
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| Microprocessor-Based Systems | |
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| Software and Programming Languages | |
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| Operating System | |
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| Programming Languages | |
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| Algorithms | |
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| Database systems | |
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| Display Devices | |
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| Recording Devices | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Analysis of Molecules in Clinical Medicine | |
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| Spectrophotometry | |
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| Components | |
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| Theory | |
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| Calibration | |
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| Clinical Laboratory Tests | |
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| Microdialysis | |
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| Oxygen Saturation | |
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| Bilirubin | |
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| Lactate | |
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| Creatinine | |
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| Urea | |
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| Glucose | |
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| Glucose Oxidase Method | |
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| Hexokinase method | |
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| Amperometric Biosensors for Oxygen and Glucose | |
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| Oxygen (PO[subscript 2]) | |
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| Glucose | |
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| Ion-selective Electrodes for pH and CO[subscript 2] | |
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| Flame Photometry | |
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| Lithium | |
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| Sodium and Potassium | |
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| Mass Spectrometry | |
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| Sample Inlet | |
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| Ion Source | |
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| Mass Analyzer | |
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| Detector | |
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| Carbon Dioxide Concentration Measurement by Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy | |
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| Nitrogen by Emission Spectrometry | |
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| Drugs by Fluorometry and Chromatography | |
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| Fluorometry | |
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| Chromatography | |
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| Gas Chromatography | |
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| Liquid Chromatography | |
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| Ion Exchange Chromatography | |
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| Electrophoresis | |
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| Components of an Electrophoretic System | |
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| Electrophoretic Mobility | |
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| DNA Sequencing | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Surface Characterization in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering | |
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| Molecules and Biomaterials | |
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| Integrated Approach | |
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| Types of Biomaterials | |
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| Polymers | |
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| Molecules and Tissue Engineering | |
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| Tissue Engineering | |
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| Cellular Composites | |
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| Surface Analysis | |
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| Topography | |
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| Chemical Composition | |
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| Polymer-water Interface | |
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| Protein Adsorption | |
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| Protein Molecule | |
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| Protein Adsorption Fundamentals | |
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| Protein Adsorption Measurements | |
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| Molecular Size | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Hematology | |
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| Blood Components and Processing | |
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| Components of Blood | |
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| Basic Techniques | |
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| Blood Collection | |
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| Centrifugal Method | |
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| Red Blood Cells | |
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| Factors Affecting Red Blood Cell Count | |
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| Hematocrit | |
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| Hemoglobin | |
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| Red Blood Cell Indices | |
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| Red Blood Cell Count | |
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| Hemoglobin | |
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| Reticulocyte Count | |
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| Sickle Cell Test | |
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| White Blood Cells | |
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| Differential White Blood Cell Counts | |
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| Platelets | |
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| Phase Hemocytometer | |
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| Complete Blood Count | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Cellular Measurements in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering | |
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| Cell Measurement Overview | |
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| What Is a Cell? | |
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| Fixed Versus Live Cells | |
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| Light Microscopy | |
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| Resolution Versus Magnification | |
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| Light Microscope Modes | |
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| Electronic Microscopy | |
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| Cellular Markers | |
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| Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy | |
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| Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy | |
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| Image Processing | |
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| Cell Orientation | |
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| Orientation Chamber | |
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| Video enhanced contrast microscopy | |
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| Cell-rolling Velocity | |
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| Cell Pore Size Determination | |
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| TEM | |
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| SEM | |
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| Cell Deformation | |
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| Micropipet Technique | |
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| Optical Trapping | |
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| Cell Shear Stress | |
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| Cone and Plate | |
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| Fluorescent Ratiometric Imaging | |
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| Cell Adhesion | |
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| Laser Trap | |
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| Interferometry | |
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| SEM | |
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| Cell Migration | |
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| 4-D Image Processing System | |
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| Cell Uptake | |
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| Nanovid Microscopy | |
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| Electroporation | |
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| Cell Protein Secretion | |
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| Atomic Force Microscopy | |
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| Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging | |
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| Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching | |
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| Cell Proliferation | |
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| Radiation Monitoring | |
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| Fluorescence Microscopy | |
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| Cell Differentiation | |
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| Fluorescence Ratio Imaging | |
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| Cell Sorter | |
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| Cell Signaling and Regulation | |
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| Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization (FISH) | |
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| Radioactive Labeling | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Nervous System | |
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| Cell Potential | |
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| Resting Potential | |
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| Action Potential | |
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| Brain, EEG, and Evoked Potentials | |
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| Anatomy and Function of the Brain | |
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| Electroencephalography (EEG) | |
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| Evoked Potentials | |
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| Brain Imaging: X ray | |
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| Brain Imaging: CT | |
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| Brain Imaging: MRI | |
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| Brain Imaging: Nuclear Imaging | |
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| Brain Imaging: Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) | |
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| Brain Imaging: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | |
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| Brain Imaging: Biomagnetism | |
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| Eye, ERG, EOG, and Visual Field | |
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| Electroretinogram (ERG) | |
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| Electro-Oculogram (EOG) | |
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| Visual Field | |
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| Eye Pressure | |
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| Ophthalmoscopy | |
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| Ears and Audiometry | |
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| The Ears | |
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| Audiometry | |
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| Otoscopy | |
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| Muscles | |
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| Muscle Contraction, Length and Force | |
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| Electromyography (EMG) | |
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| Neuromuscular Performance | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Heart and Circulation | |
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| Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology | |
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| Heart Valves | |
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| Cardiac Cycle | |
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| Cardiac Excitation and Control | |
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| Cardiac Biopotentials | |
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| Electrodes | |
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| Electrocardiogram | |
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| Electrograms | |
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| Cardiac Pressures | |
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| Strain Gage | |
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| Catheter | |
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| Cardiac Output | |
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| Fick Method | |
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| Thermodilution | |
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| Dye Dilution | |
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| Radionuclide Angiography | |
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| Echocardiography | |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | |
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| Cardiac Sounds | |
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| Stethoscopes | |
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| Microphones | |
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| Myocardial Viability | |
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| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | |
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| Thallium-201 Imaging | |
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| Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography | |
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| Circulation | |
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| Blood Flow | |
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| Dilution | |
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| Electromagnetic Flowmeter | |
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| Ultrasonic Flowmeter | |
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| Laser-Doppler Flowmeter | |
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| Blood Pressure | |
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| Indirect Measurement | |
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| Direct Measurement | |
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| Arterial tonometry | |
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| Vessel Distension | |
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| Intravascular Ultrasound | |
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| Angiography | |
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| Vessel Volume Flow | |
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| Flow Visualization | |
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| Ultrasonic Sonography | |
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| Video Microscopy | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Lung, Kidney, Bone, and Skin | |
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| Lung | |
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| Pulmonary Volume | |
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| Measurement of Pulmonary Volume | |
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| Pulmonary Flow | |
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| Measurement of Pulmonary Flow | |
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| Pulmonary Diffusion | |
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| Pulmonary Airway Resistance | |
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| Kidney | |
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| Kidney Clearance | |
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| Creatinine | |
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| Kidney Imaging | |
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| Pyelogram | |
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| Hemodialysis | |
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| Peritoneal Dialysis | |
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| Kidney Function | |
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| Extracellular Water by Impedance | |
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| Bones and Joints | |
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| Bone Mineral Density | |
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| Stress and Strain | |
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| Strain Gage | |
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| LVDT | |
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| Soft Tissue Strain | |
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| Joint Friction | |
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| Bone Position | |
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| Bone Strain-Related Potentials | |
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| Skin | |
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| Water Loss | |
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| Color | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Body Temperature, Heat, Fat, and Movement | |
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| Regulation of Body Temperature | |
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| Clinical Temperature Measurement | |
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| Surface Temperature Measurement | |
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| Core Temperature Measurement | |
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| Measurement of Body Heat: Calorimetry | |
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| Direct Calorimetry | |
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| Indirect Calorimetry | |
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| Measurement of Body Fat | |
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| Direct Measurement of Body Fat | |
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| Indirect Measurement of Body Fat | |
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| Measurement of Body Movement | |
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| Goniometers and Accelerometers | |
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| Video and Optoelectronic Systems | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |