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| Introduction | |
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| The Study of Minerals as Part of Earth Science | |
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| Mineral Science | |
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| Definition of Mineral | |
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| History of Mineralogy | |
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| Economic Importance of Minerals | |
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| Naming of Minerals | |
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| References and Literature of Mineralogy | |
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| References and Selected Reading | |
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| Physical Properties of Minerals in Hand Specimen | |
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| Crystal Form and Crystal Habit | |
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| Intergrowths, Twins, and Striations | |
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| State of Aggregation | |
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| Luster, Color, and Streak | |
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| Luster | |
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| Color | |
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| Streak | |
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| Other Properties Depending on Light | |
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| Play of Colors | |
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| Chatoyancy and Asterism | |
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| Luminescence | |
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| Fluorescence and Phosphorescence | |
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| Cleavage, Parting, and Fracture | |
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| Cleavage | |
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| Parting | |
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| Fracture | |
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| Hardness | |
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| Tenacity | |
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| Specific Gravity | |
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| Average Specific Gravity | |
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| Determination of Specific Gravity | |
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| Magnetism | |
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| Radioactivity | |
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| Solubility in HCI | |
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| Piezoelectricity | |
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| References and Selected Reading | |
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| Elements of Crystal Chemistry | |
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| Chemical Composition of the Earth's Crust | |
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| The Atom | |
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| Chemical Elements and the Periodic Table | |
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| The Bohr Model of the Atom | |
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| The Schrodinger Model of the Atom | |
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| Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table | |
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| The Ion | |
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| Bonding Forces in Crystals | |
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| Ionic Bond | |
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| Covalent Bond | |
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| Estimation of the Character of the Bonding Mechanism | |
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| Metallic Bond | |
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| Van der Waals Bond | |
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| Hydrogren Bond | |
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| Crystals with More than One Bond Type | |
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| Atomic and Ionic Radii | |
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| Coordination of Ions | |
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| Radius Ratio | |
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| Pauling's Rules | |
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| Crystal Structure | |
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| Illustration of Crystal Structures | |
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| Isostructuralism | |
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| Examples of Common Structure Types | |
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| NaCl Structure | |
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| CsCl Structure | |
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| Sphalerite (ZnS) Structure | |
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| CaF[subscript 2] Structure | |
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| Rutile (TiO[subscript 2]) Structure | |
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| Perovskite (ABO[subscript 3]) Structure | |
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| Spinel (AB[subscript 2]O[subscript 4]) Structure | |
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| Silicate Structures | |
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| Compositional Variation in Minerals | |
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| Substitutional Solid Solution | |
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| Interstitial Solid Solution | |
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| Omission Solid Solution | |
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| Recalculation of Chemical Analyses | |
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| Graphic Representation of Mineral Composition | |
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| References and Selected Reading | |
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| Mineral Reactions, Stability, and Behavior | |
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| Crystallization | |
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| Crystal Growth | |
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| Intergrowth of Crystals | |
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| Mineral Reactions | |
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| Reactions in an Igneous Regime | |
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| Reactions Under Metamorphic Conditions | |
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| Reactions in a Weathering Environment | |
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| Ultrahigh-Pressure Reactions | |
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| Mineral Stability | |
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| Phase Diagrams | |
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| Stability, Activation Energy, and Equilibrium | |
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| Components | |
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| Introductory Thermodynamics | |
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| Examples of Mineral Stability (Phase) Diagrams | |
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| One-Component Diagrams | |
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| Two-Component Diagrams | |
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| Three-or More-Component Diagrams | |
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| Diagrams for Mineral Reactions Involving H[subscript 2]O or CO[subscript 2] | |
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| Eh-pH Diagrams | |
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| Polymorphic Reactions | |
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| Reconstructive Polymorphism | |
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| Displacive Polymorphism | |
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| Otder-Disorder Polymorphism | |
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| Polytypism | |
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| Exsolution Processes | |
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| Metamict Minerals | |
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| Mineraloids (Noncrystalline Minerals) | |
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| Pseudomorphism | |
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| Structural Complexities and Defects | |
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| Twinning | |
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| Origin of Twinning | |
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| Origin of Color | |
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| Crystal Field Transitions | |
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| Molecular Orbital Transitions | |
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| Color Centers | |
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| Other Causes of Color | |
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| Origin of Magnetic Properties | |
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| Origin of Radioactivity | |
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| References and Selected Reading | |
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| Overview of Crystallographic Concepts | |
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| From Symmetry Operations to Space Groups | |
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| Minerals as Crystalline Solids | |
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| Internal Order | |
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| Symmetry | |
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| Crystals and Specific Symmetry Elements | |
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| Symmetry Elements (Without Translation) | |
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| Combinations of Rotations | |
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| Combinations of Rotation Axes and Mirrors | |
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| Resume of Symmetry Operations Without Translation | |
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| Crystal Morphology | |
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| Crystal Symmetry | |
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| Crystallographic Axes | |
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| Crystallographic Notation for Planes | |
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| Crystal Habit | |
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| Form | |
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| Some Common Twins | |
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| Types of Twins | |
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| Common Twin Laws | |
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| The Internal Order and Symmetry of Minerals | |
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| Translations Directions and Distances | |
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| One-Dimensional Order (Rows) | |
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| Two-Dimensional Order (Plane Lattices) | |
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| Symmetry Content of Planar Motifs | |
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| Symmetry Content of Plane Lattices | |
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| Two-Dimensional Plane Groups | |
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| Three-Dimensional Order | |
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| Space Groups | |
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| References and Selected Reading | |
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| Bilateral Symmetry in Humans and Architecture | |
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| Patterns in Our Environment | |
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| Selected Point Groups and Space Groups | |
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| Measurement of Crystal Angles | |
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| Crystal Projections | |
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| Spherical Projection | |
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| Stereographic Projection | |
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| Nineteen of the Thirty-Two Point Groups | |
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| Triclinic System | |
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| Monoclinic System | |
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| Orthorhombic System | |
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| Tetragonal System | |
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| Hexagonal System | |
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| Isometric System | |
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| Representation of Some Space Groups | |
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| Illustration of Space Groups | |
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| Space Groups as an Expression of Morphology and Structure | |
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| References and Selected Reading | |
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| Analytical Methods in Mineral Science | |
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| Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) | |
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| Optical Microscopy | |
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| Nature of Light | |
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| Isotropic and Anisotropic Crystals | |
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| The Polarizing Microscope | |
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| Uniaxial Crystals | |
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| Biaxial Crystals | |
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| Optical Properties of Opaque Minerals | |
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| X-Ray Diffraction Techniques (XRD) | |
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| X-Ray Spectra | |
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| Diffraction Effects and the Bragg Equation | |
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| Single-Crystal X-Ray Diffraction and Structure Analysis | |
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| X-Ray Powder Diffraction and Mineral Identification | |
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| Transmission Electron Microcopy (TEM) | |
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| Chemical Analytical Techniques | |
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| Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAA) | |
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| X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF) | |
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| Electron Microprobe Analysis (EMPA) | |
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| Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) | |
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| Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) | |
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| References and Selected Reading | |
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| Crystal Chemistry and Systematic Descriptions of Native Elements, Sulfides, and Sulfosalts | |
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| Mineral Classification | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Native Elements, Sulfides, and Sulfosalts | |
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| Native Elements | |
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| Sulfides | |
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| Sulfosalts | |
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| Systematic Descriptions | |
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| Native Metals | |
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| Native Nonmetals | |
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| Sulfides, Sulfarsenides, and Arsenides | |
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| Sulfosalts | |
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| References and Selected Reading | |
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| Diamond Synthesis | |
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| Veins and Vein Mineralization | |
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| Sulfide Minerals as Ores and as Mining-Related Contaminants | |
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| Crystal Chemistry and Systematic Descriptions of Oxides, Hydroxides, and Halides | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Oxides | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Hydroxides | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Halides | |
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| Systematic Descriptions | |
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| Oxides | |
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| Hydroxides | |
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| Halides | |
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| References and Selected Reading | |
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| Ore Minerals for the Steel Industry | |
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| Evaporite Minerals | |
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| Crystal Chemistry and Systematic Descriptions of Carbonates, Nitrates, Borates, Sulfates, Chromates, Tungstates, Molyboates, Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Carbonates | |
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| Calcite Group | |
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| Aragonite Group | |
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| Dolomite Group | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Nitrates | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Borates | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Sulfates | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Tungstates and Molybdates | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Phosphates, Arsenates, and Vanadates | |
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| Systematic Descriptions | |
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| Carbonates | |
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| Nitrates | |
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| Borates | |
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| Sulfates and Chromates | |
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| Tungstates and Molybdates | |
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| Phosphates, Arsenates and Vanadates | |
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| References and Selected Reading | |
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| The Source of Chemicals in Fertilizers | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Rock-Forming Silicates | |
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| Nesosilicates | |
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| Sorosilicates | |
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| Cyclosilicates | |
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| Inosilicates | |
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| Pyroxene Group | |
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| Pyroxenoid Group | |
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| Amphibole Group | |
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| Phyllosilicates | |
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| Tectosilicates | |
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| SiO[subscript 2] Group | |
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| Feldspar Group | |
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| Feldspathoid Group | |
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| Zeolite Group | |
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| References and Selected Reading | |
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| Systematic Descriptions of Rock-Forming Silicates | |
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| Nesosilicates | |
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| Phenacite Group | |
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| Olivine Group | |
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| Garnet Group | |
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| Al[subscript 2]SiO[subscript 5] Group | |
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| Humite Group | |
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| Sorosilicates | |
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| Epidote Group | |
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| Cyclosilicates | |
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| Inosilicates | |
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| Pyroxene Group | |
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| Pyroxenoid Group | |
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| Amphibole Group | |
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| Phyllosilicates | |
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| Serpentine Group | |
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| Clay Mineral Group | |
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| Mica Group | |
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| Chlorite Group | |
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| Related Species | |
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| Tectosilicates | |
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| SiO[subscript 2] Group | |
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| Feldspar Group | |
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| Feldspathoid Group | |
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| Scapolite Series | |
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| Zeolite Group | |
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| References and Selected Reading | |
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| The Two Most Common Rock Types: Basalt and Granite | |
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| Clay Minerals and some of Their Applications | |
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| Mineral Dust in the Environment | |
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| Minerals in Pegmatites | |
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| Zeolites and their Many Unique Properties | |
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| Gem Minerals | |
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| Gem Minerals | |
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| Gem Qualifications | |
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| Types of Gem Cuts | |
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| The Early Uses of Gems | |
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| Important Gems--Yesterday and Today | |
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| Diamond | |
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| Beryl | |
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| Ruby and Sappire | |
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| Opal | |
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| Jade | |
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| Chrysoberyl | |
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| Topaz | |
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| Tourmaline | |
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| Quartz | |
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| Turquoise | |
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| Garnet | |
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| Zircon | |
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| Olivine | |
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| Gem Properties and Instruments for Their Determination | |
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| Physical Properties | |
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| Instruments for Studying Gems | |
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| Synthesis of Gem Materials | |
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| Verneuil Process | |
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| Czochralski Process | |
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| Flux Growth | |
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| Hydrothermal Growth | |
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| Treatment of Gemstones | |
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| Dyeing | |
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| Heat Treatment | |
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| Irradiation | |
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| Synthetic and Treated Gems | |
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| Beryl | |
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| Chrysoberyl | |
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| Corundum (Ruby and Sapphire) | |
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| Diamond | |
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| Jade | |
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| Opal | |
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| Quartz | |
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| Rutile | |
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| Spinel | |
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| Turquoise | |
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| Manufactured Gem Materials Without Natural Counterparts | |
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| Garnet | |
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| Strontium Titanate, SrTiO[subscript 3] | |
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| Cubic Zirconia | |
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| References and Selected Reading | |
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| Determinative Tables | |
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| General Classification of the Tables | |
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| Luster--Metallic or Submetallic | |
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| Luster--Nonmetallic | |
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| Minerals Arranged by Several Physical Properties | |
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| Minerals Arranged According to Increasing Specific Gravity | |
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| Nonopaque Minerals and Some Synthetic Compounds Arranged According to Increasing Refractive Index | |
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| Mineral Index | |
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| Subject Index | |