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| About the Authors | |
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| Contributors | |
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| Preface and Acknowledgments to the Fifth Edition | |
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| Preface and Acknowledgments to the Fourth Edition | |
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| Preface and Acknowledgments to the Third Edition | |
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| Preface to the Second Edition | |
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| Preface to the First Edition | |
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| Introduction and Overview | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Overview | |
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| References | |
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| Elements of Innate and Acquired Immunity | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Innate Immunity | |
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| Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity | |
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| Cells and Organs Involved in the Adaptive Immune Response | |
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| Lymphocyte Recirculation | |
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| The Fate of Antigen After Penetration | |
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| Interrelationship Between Innate and Acquired Immunity | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| Immunogens and Antigens | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Requirements for Immunogenicity | |
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| Primary and Secondary Responses | |
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| Antigenicity and Antigen-Binding Site | |
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| Epitopes Recognized by B Cells and T Cells | |
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| Major Classes of Antigens | |
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| Binding of Antigen with Antigen-Specific Antibodies or T Cells | |
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| Cross-Reactivity | |
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| Adjuvants | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| Antibody Structure and Function | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Isolation and Characterization | |
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| Structure of Light and Heavy Chains | |
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| Domains | |
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| Hinge Region | |
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| Variable Region | |
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| Immunoglobulin Variants | |
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| Allotypes | |
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| Structural Features of IgG | |
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| Biologic Properties of IgG | |
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| Structural Features of IgM | |
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| Biologic Properties of IgM | |
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| Structural and Biologic Properties of IgA | |
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| Structural and Biologic Properties of IgD | |
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| Structural and Biologic Properties of IgE | |
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| Kinetics of the Antibody Response After Immunization | |
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| The Immunoglobulin Superfamily | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| Antigen-Antibody Interactions, Immune Assays, and Experimental Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Antigen-Antibody Interactions | |
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| Primary Interactions Between Antibody and Antigen | |
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| Secondary Interactions Between Antibody and Antigen | |
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| Immunoassays | |
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| Immunofluorescence | |
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| Fluorescence-Activated Cell-Sorting Analysis | |
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| Immunoabsorption and Immunoadsorption | |
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| Cellular Assays | |
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| Cell Culture | |
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| Experimental Animal Models | |
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| Transgenic Mice and Gene Targeting | |
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| Analysis of Gene Expression | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| The Genetic Basis of Antibody Structure | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Brief Review of Nonimmunoglobulin Gene Structure and Gene Expression | |
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| Genetic Events in the Synthesis of Ig Chains | |
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| Class or Isotype Switching | |
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| Generation of Antibody Diversity | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| Answer to Case Study | |
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| Biology of the B Lymphocyte | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Ontogeny of the B Lymphocyte | |
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| B Cell Membrane Proteins | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| Biology of the T Lymphocyte | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nature of the Antigen-Specific T Cell Receptor | |
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| Genes Coding for T Cell Receptors | |
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| Generation of T cell Receptor Diversity | |
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| T Cell Differentiation in the Thymus | |
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| T Cell Receptor Gene Rearrangements | |
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| Thymic selection | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| The Role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in the Immune Response | |
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| Introduction | |
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| MHC Genes and Products | |
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| Variability of MHC Genes and Products | |
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| Structure of MHC Molecules | |
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| The Function of MHC Molecules: Antigen Processing and Presentation | |
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| Diversity of MHC Molecules: MHC Association with Resistance and Susceptibility to Disease | |
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| Other Genes Within the MHC Region | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| Activation and Function of T and B Cells | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Activating CD4[superscript +] T Cells | |
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| Other Ways To Activate T Cells | |
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| T Cell Function | |
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| Function of CD8[superscript +] T Cells | |
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| B-Cell Function in the Absence of T Cell Help | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| Answer to Case Study | |
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| Cytokines | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The History of Cytokines | |
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| General Properties of Cytokines | |
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| Functional Categories of Cytokines | |
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| Cytokine Receptors | |
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| Cytokine Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction | |
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| Role of Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors in Disease | |
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| Therapeutic and Diagnostic Exploitation of Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| Answer to Case Study | |
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| Tolerance and Autoimmunity | |
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| Central Tolerance | |
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| Peripheral Tolerance | |
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| Fas-Fas L interactions | |
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| Regulatory/Suppressor T Cells | |
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| Oral Tolerance | |
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| Immune Privilege | |
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| Autoimmunity and Disease | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| Answers to Case Study | |
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| Complement | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Complement Activation Pathways | |
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| Regulation of Complement Activity | |
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| Biologic Activities of Complement | |
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| Complement Deficiencies | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| Hypersensitivity Reactions: Antibody-Mediated (Type I) Reactions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| General characteristics of Allergic Reactions | |
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| Sensitization Phase | |
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| Activation Phase | |
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| Effector Phase | |
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| Clinical Aspects of Allergic Reactions | |
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| Clinical Tests for Allergies and Clinical Intervention | |
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| The Protective Role of IgE | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| Answer to Case Study | |
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| Hypersensitivity Reactions: Antibody-Mediated (Type II) Cytotoxic Reactions and Immune Complex (Type III) Reactions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Examples of Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity Reactions | |
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| Immune Complex Reactions: Type III Hypersensitivity | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| Answer to Case Study | |
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| Hypersensitivity Reactions: T Cell-Mediated (Type IV) Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity | |
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| Introduction | |
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| General Characteristics and Pathophysiology of DTH | |
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| Examples of DTH | |
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| Treatment of DTH | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| Answer to Case Study | |
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| Immunodeficiency Disorders and Neoplasias of the Lymphoid System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Immune Deficiency Syndromes | |
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| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | |
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| Neoplasms of the Lymphoid System | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| Answer to Case Study | |
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| Transplantation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Relationship between Donor and Recipient | |
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| Immune Mechanisms and Allograft Rejection | |
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| Responses to Alloantigens and Allograft Rejection | |
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| Role of MHC Molecules in Allograft Rejection | |
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| Laboratory Tests Used in Tissue Typing | |
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| Prolongation of Allograft Survival | |
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| Bone Marrow and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | |
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| Graft versus Host Reactions | |
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| Xenogeneic Transplantation | |
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| The Fetus: A Tolerated Allograft | |
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| Heart Transplantation: A Personal Story | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| Answer to Case Study | |
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| Tumor Immunology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Tumor Antigens | |
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| Categories of Tumor Antigens | |
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| Effector Mechanisms in Tumor Immunity | |
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| Limitations of the Effectiveness of the Immune Response Against Tumors | |
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| Immunodiagnosis | |
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| Tumor Immunoprophylaxis | |
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| Immunotherapy | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| Answer to Case Study | |
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| Resistance and Immunization to Infectious Diseases | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Host Defense Against the Various Classes of Microbial Pathogens | |
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| Mechanisms by which Pathogens Evade the Immune Response | |
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| Principles of Immunization | |
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| Objectives of Immunization | |
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| Active Immunizations | |
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| Basic Mechanisms of Protection | |
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| Precautions | |
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| Recent Approaches to Production of Vaccines | |
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| Passive Immunization | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Answers to Review Questions | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Partial List of CD Antigens | |
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| Index | |