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| Introduction | |
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| Introduction to Automated Geography | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Why Geographic Information Systems? | |
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| What Are Geographic Information Systems? | |
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| Where Do I Begin? | |
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| Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Geographic Data, Maps, and Automation | |
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| Spatial Analysis: The Foundation of Modern Geography | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Developing Spatial Awareness | |
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| Spatial Elements | |
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| Spatial Measurement Levels | |
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| Spatial Location and Reference | |
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| Spatial Patterns | |
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| Geographic Data Collection | |
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| Populations and Sampling Schemes | |
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| Making Inferences From Samples | |
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| Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| The Map as a Model of Geographic Data: The Language of Spatial Thinking | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Map as Model: The Abstraction of Reality | |
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| A Paradigm Shift in Cartography | |
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| Map Scale | |
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| More Map Characteristics | |
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| Map Projections | |
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| Grid Systems for Mapping | |
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| The Cartographic Process | |
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| Map Symbolism | |
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| Map Abstraction and Cartographic Databases | |
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| Some Problems Related to Specific Thematic Maps | |
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| Soil Maps | |
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| Zoological Maps | |
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| Digital Remote Sensing Imagery | |
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| Vegetation Maps | |
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| Historical Maps | |
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| Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Cartographic and GIS Data Structures | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| A Quick Review of the Map as an Abstraction of Space | |
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| Some Basic Computer File Structures | |
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| Simple Lists | |
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| Ordered Sequential Files | |
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| Indexed Files | |
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| Computer Database Structures for Managing Data | |
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| Hierarchical Data Structures | |
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| Network Systems | |
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| Relational Database Management Systems | |
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| Graphic Representation of Entitites and Attributes | |
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| GIS Data Models for Multiple Coverages | |
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| Raster Models | |
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| Compact Storing of Raster Data | |
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| Vector Models | |
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| Compacting Vector Data Models | |
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| A Vector Model to Represent Surfaces | |
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| Hybrid and Integrated Systems | |
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| Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Input, Storage, and Editing | |
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| GIS Data Input | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| The Input Subsystem | |
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| Input Devices | |
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| Raster, Vector, or Both | |
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| Reference Frameworks and Transformations | |
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| Map Preparation and the Digitizing Process | |
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| What to Input | |
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| How Much to Input | |
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| Methods of Vector Input | |
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| Methods of Raster Input | |
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| Remote Sensing as a Special Case of Raster Data Input | |
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| External Databases | |
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| Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Data Storage and Editing | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Storage of GIS Databases | |
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| The Importance of Editing the GIS Database | |
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| Detecting and Editing Errors of Different Types | |
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| Entity Errors: Vector | |
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| Attribute Errors: Raster and Vector | |
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| Dealing with Projection Changes | |
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| Joining Adjacent Coverages: Edge Matching | |
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| Conflation and Rubber Sheeting | |
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| Templating | |
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| Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Analysis: The Heart of the GIS | |
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| Elementary Spatial Analysis | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction to GIS Spatial Analysis | |
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| A Simple Analysis Framework | |
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| GIS Data Query | |
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| Navigating the GIS | |
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| Locating and Identifying Spatial Objects | |
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| Defining Spatial Characteristics | |
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| Point Attributes | |
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| Line Attributes | |
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| Area Attributes | |
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| Working with Higher-Level Objects | |
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| Higher-Level Point Objects | |
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| Higher-Level Line Objects | |
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| Higher-Level Area Objects | |
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| Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Measurement | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Measuring Length of Linear Objects | |
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| Measuring Polygons | |
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| Calculating Polygon Lengths | |
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| Calculating Perimeter | |
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| Calculating Areas of Polygonal Features | |
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| Measuring Shape | |
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| Measuring Sinuosity | |
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| Measuring Polygon Shape | |
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| Measuring Distance | |
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| Simple Distance | |
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| Functional Distance | |
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| Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Classification | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Classification Principles | |
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| Elements of Reclassification | |
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| Neighborhood Functions | |
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| Roving Windows: Filters | |
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| Polygonal Neighborhoods | |
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| Immediate Neighborhoods | |
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| Extended Neighborhoods | |
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| Buffers | |
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| Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Statistical Surfaces | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| What Are Surfaces? | |
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| Surface Mapping | |
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| Sampling the Statistical Surface | |
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| The DEM | |
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| Raster Surfaces | |
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| Interpolation | |
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| Linear Interpolation | |
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| Methods of Linear Interpolation | |
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| Uses of Interpolation | |
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| Problems in Interpolation | |
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| Terrain Reclassification | |
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| Steepness of Slope | |
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| Azimuth or Orientation (Aspect) | |
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| Shape or Form | |
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| Visibility and Intervisibility | |
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| Slicing the Statistical Surface | |
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| Cut and Fill | |
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| Other Surface Analyses | |
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| Discrete Surfaces | |
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| Dot Distribution Maps | |
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| Choropleth Maps | |
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| Dasymetric Mapping | |
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| Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Spatial Arrangement | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Point, Area, and Line Arrangements | |
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| Point Patterns | |
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| Quadrant Analysis | |
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| Nearest Neighbor Analysis | |
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| Thiessen Polygons | |
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| Area Patterns | |
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| Extending Contiguity Measures: The Join Count Statistic | |
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| Other Polygonal Arrangement Measures | |
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| Linear Patterns | |
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| Line Densities | |
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| Nearest Neighbors and Line Intercepts | |
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| Directionality of Linear and Areal Objects | |
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| Connectivity of Linear Objects | |
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| Gravity Model | |
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| Routing and Allocation | |
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| The Missing Variable: Using Other Coverages | |
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| Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Comparing Variables Among Coverages | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| The Cartographic Overlay | |
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| Point-in-Polygon and Line-in-Polygon Operations | |
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| Polygon Overlay | |
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| Automating the Overlay Pricess | |
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| Automating Point-in-Polygon and Line-in-Polygon Procedures in Raster | |
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| Automating Polygon Overlay in Raster | |
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| Automating Vector Overlay | |
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| Types of Overlay | |
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| CAD-Type Overlay | |
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| Topological Vector Overlay | |
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| A Note About Error in Overlay | |
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| Dasymetric Mapping | |
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| Some Final Notes on Overlay | |
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| Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Cartographic Modeling | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Model Components | |
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| The Cartographic Model | |
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| Models in Geography | |
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| Types of Cartographic Models | |
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| Inductive and Deductive Modeling | |
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| Factor Selection | |
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| Model Flowcharting | |
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| Working Through the Model | |
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| Conflict Resolution | |
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| Some Example Cartographic Models | |
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| Model Implementation | |
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| Model Verification | |
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| Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| GIS Output | |
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| The Output from Analysis | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Output: The Display of Analysis | |
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| Cartographic Output | |
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| The Design Process | |
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| The Role of Symbols in Design | |
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| Graphical Design Principles | |
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| Map Design Controls | |
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| Nontraditional Cartographic Output | |
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| Noncartographic Output | |
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| Interactive Output | |
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| Table and Charts | |
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| Technology and GIS Output | |
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| Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| GIS Design | |
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| GIS Design and Implementation | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| What is GIS Design? | |
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| The Need for GIS Design | |
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| Internal and External GIS Design Questions | |
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| The Software Engineering Approach | |
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| Systems Design Principles | |
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| Systems Development Waterfall Model | |
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| The Mythical Man-Month | |
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| Some General Systems Characteristics | |
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| The Institutional Setting for GIS Operations | |
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| The Relation Between the System and the Outside World | |
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| A Structured Design Model | |
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| Technical Design | |
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| The Reasons for Conceptual Design | |
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| Conceptual Design Shortcomings | |
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| People Problems of GIS | |
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| Cost-Benefit Issues | |
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| Data and Applications Requirements Models | |
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| Formal GIS Design Methodology | |
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| The Spiral Model: Rapid Prototyping | |
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| Overview of the Initial GIS Design Model (Level 1) | |
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| GIS Information Products | |
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| How Information Products Drive GIS | |
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| Organizing the Local Views | |
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| Avoiding Design Creep | |
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| View Integration | |
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| Database Design: General Considerations | |
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| Study Area | |
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| Scale, Resolution, and Level of Detail | |
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| Classification | |
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| Coordinate System and Projection | |
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| Selecting a System | |
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| Verification and Validation | |
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| Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Software and Data Sources | |
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| Using the Wiley World Wide Web to Find Data and GIS Examples | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Photo Credits | |
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| Index | |