| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| ATM Switch Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basics of ATM networks | |
| |
| |
| |
| ATM switch structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| IP Router Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functions of IP routers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Architectures of IP routers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design Criteria and Performance Requirements | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basics of Packet Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Switching Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Internal link blocking | |
| |
| |
| |
| Output port contention | |
| |
| |
| |
| Head-of-line blocking | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multicasting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Call splitting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Switch Architecture Classification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time division switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Space division switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Buffering strategies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance of Basic Switches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Input-buffered switches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Output-buffered switches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Completely shared-buffer switches | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Input-Buffered Switches | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Simple Switch Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Head-of-line blocking phenomenon | |
| |
| |
| |
| Traffic models and related throughput results | |
| |
| |
| |
| Methods for Improving Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Increasing internal capacity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Increasing scheduling efficiency | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scheduling Algorithms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Parallel iterative matching (PIM) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Iterative round-robin matching (iRRM) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Iterative round-robin with SLIP (iSLIP) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dual round-robin matching (DRRM) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Round-robin greedy scheduling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design of round-robin arbiters/selectors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Output-Queuing Emulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Most-Urgent-Cell-First-Algorithm (MUCFA) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chuang et al.'s results | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lowest-Output-Occupancy-Cell-First Algorithm (LOOFA) | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shared-Memory Switches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linked-List Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
| Content-Addressable Memory Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
| Space--Time--Space Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multistage Shared-Memory Switches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Washington University gigabit switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concentrator-based growable switch architecture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multicast Shared-Memory Switches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shared-memory switch with a multicast logical queue | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shared-memory switch with cell copy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shared-memory switch with address copy | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Banyan-Based Switches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Banyan Networks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Batcher-Sorting Network | |
| |
| |
| |
| Output Contention Resolution Algorithms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Three-phase implementation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ring reservation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Sunshine Switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deflection Routing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tandem banyan switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shuffle-exchange network with deflection routing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dual shuffle-exchange network with error-correcting routing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multicast Copy Networks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Broadcast banyan network | |
| |
| |
| |
| Encoding process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concentration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Decoding process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overflow and call splitting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overflow and input fairness | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Knockout-Based Switches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Single-Stage Knockout Switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic architecture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Knockout concentration principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Construction of the concentrator | |
| |
| |
| |
| Channel Grouping Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maximum throughput | |
| |
| |
| |
| Generalized knockout principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Two-Stage Multicast Output-Buffered ATM Switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Two-stage configuration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multicast grouping network | |
| |
| |
| |
| Translation tables | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multicast knockout principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Fault-Tolerant Multicast Output-Buffered ATM Switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fault model of switch element | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fault detection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fault location and reconfiguration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance analysis of reconfigured switch module | |
| |
| |
| |
| Appendix | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Abacus Switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Architecture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multicast Contention Resolution Algorithm | |
| |
| |
| |
| Implementation of Input Port Controller | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maximum throughput | |
| |
| |
| |
| Average delay | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cell loss probability | |
| |
| |
| |
| ATM Routing and Concentration Chip | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enhanced Abacus Switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Memoryless multistage concentration network | |
| |
| |
| |
| Buffered multistage concentration network | |
| |
| |
| |
| Resequencing cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complexity comparison | |
| |
| |
| |
| Abacus Switch for Packet Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Packet interleaving | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cell interleaving | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crosspoint-Buffered Switches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview of Crosspoint-Buffered Switches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scalable Distributed Arbitration Switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| SDA structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance of SDA switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multiple-QoS SDA Switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| MSDA structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance of MSDA switch | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Tandem-Crosspoint Switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overview of Input--Output-Buffered Switches | |
| |
| |
| |
| TDXP Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic architecture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Unicasting operation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multicasting operation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance of TDXP Switch | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clos-Network Switches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Routing Properties and Scheduling Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Suboptimal Straight Matching Method for Dynamic Routing | |
| |
| |
| |
| The ATLANTA Switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic architecture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Distributed and random arbitration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multicasting | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Continuous Round-Robin Dispatching Switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic architecture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Concurrent round-robin dispatching (CRRD) scheme | |
| |
| |
| |
| Desynchronization effect of CRRD | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Path Switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Homogeneous capacity and route assignment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Heterogeneous capacity assignment | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical Packet Switches | |
| |
| |
| |
| All-Optical Packet Switches | |
| |
| |
| |
| The staggering switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| ATMOS | |
| |
| |
| |
| Duan's switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optoelectronic Packet Switches | |
| |
| |
| |
| HYPASS | |
| |
| |
| |
| STAR-TRACK | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cisneros and Brackett's Architecture | |
| |
| |
| |
| BNR switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wave-mux switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| The 3M Switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic architecture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cell delineation unit | |
| |
| |
| |
| VCI-overwrite unit | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cell synchronization unit | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical Interconnection Network for Terabit IP Routers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| A terabit IP router architecture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Router module and route controller | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical interconnection network | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ping-pong arbitration unit | |
| |
| |
| |
| OIN complexity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Power budget analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crosstalk analysis | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wireless ATM Switches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wireless ATM Structure Overviews | |
| |
| |
| |
| System considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wireless ATM protocol | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wireless ATM Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| NEC's WATMnet prototype system | |
| |
| |
| |
| Olivetti's radio ATM LAN | |
| |
| |
| |
| Virtual connection tree | |
| |
| |
| |
| BAHAMA wireless ATM LAN | |
| |
| |
| |
| NTT's wireless ATM Access | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other European projects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radio Access Layers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radio physical layer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Medium access control layer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data link control layer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Handoff in Wireless ATM | |
| |
| |
| |
| Connection rerouting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Buffering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cell routing in a COS | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mobility-Support ATM Switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design of a mobility-support switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| IP Route Lookups | |
| |
| |
| |
| IP Router Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Architectures of generic routers | |
| |
| |
| |
| IP route lookup design | |
| |
| |
| |
| IP Route Lookup Based on Caching Technique | |
| |
| |
| |
| IP Route Lookup Based on Standard Trie Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Patricia Tree | |
| |
| |
| |
| Small Forwarding Tables for Fast Route Lookups | |
| |
| |
| |
| Level 1 of data structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Levels 2 and 3 of data structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Route Lookups in Hardware at Memory Access Speeds | |
| |
| |
| |
| The DIR-24-8-BASIC scheme | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| IP Lookups Using Multiway Search | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adapting binary search for best matching prefix | |
| |
| |
| |
| Precomputed 16-bit prefix table | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multiway binary search: exploiting the cache line | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| IP Route Lookups for Gigabit Switch Routers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lookup algorithms and data structure construction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| IP Route Lookups Using Two-Trie Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| IP route lookup algorithm | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prefix update algorithms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sonet and ATM Protocols | |
| |
| |
| |
| ATM Protocol Reference Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) | |
| |
| |
| |
| SONET sublayers | |
| |
| |
| |
| STS-N signals | |
| |
| |
| |
| SONET overhead bytes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scrambling and descrambling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency justification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Automatic protection switching (APS) | |
| |
| |
| |
| STS-3 versus STS-3c | |
| |
| |
| |
| OC-N multiplexer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sub-Layer Functions in Reference Model | |
| |
| |
| |
| Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Virtual path/virtual channel identifier (VPI/VCI) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Payload type identifier (PTI) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cell loss priority (CLP) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pre-defined header field values | |
| |
| |
| |
| ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) | |
| |
| |
| |
| AAL type 1 (AAL1) | |
| |
| |
| |
| AAL type 2 (AAL2) | |
| |
| |
| |
| AAL types 3/4 (AAL3/4) | |
| |
| |
| |
| AAL type 5 (AAL5) | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |