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| Preface to the Second Edition | |
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| Preface to the First Edition | |
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| Historical Background, Current Relevance and Perspectives | |
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| References | |
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| Some General Principles | |
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| Occurrence and Availability of Inorganic Elements in Organisms | |
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| Insertion: The Chelate Effect | |
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| Insertion: "Hard" and "Soft" Coordination Centers | |
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| Biological Functions of Inorganic Elements | |
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| Biological Ligands for Metal Ions | |
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| Coordination by Proteins-Comments on Enzymatic Catalysis | |
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| Insertion: The "Entatic State" in Enzymatic Catalysis | |
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| Tetrapyrrole Ligands and Other Macrocycles | |
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| Insertion: Electron Spin States in Transition Metal Ions | |
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| Nucleobases, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids (RNA, DNA) as Ligands | |
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| Insertion: Secondary Bonding | |
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| Relevance of Model Compounds | |
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| References | |
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| Cobalamins, Including Vitamin and Coenzyme B<sub>12</sub> | |
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| History and Structural Characterization | |
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| Insertion: Bioorganometallics I | |
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| General Reactions of Alkylcobalamins | |
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| One-electron Reduction and Oxidation | |
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| Co-C Bond Cleavage | |
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| Insertion: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance I | |
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| Enzyme Functions of Cobalamins | |
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| Adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl)-dependent Isomerases | |
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| Insertion: Organic Redox Coenzymes | |
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| Alkylation Reactions of Methylcobalamin (MeCbl)-dependent Alkyl Transferases | |
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| Model Systems and the Enzymatic Activation of the Co-C Bond | |
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| References | |
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| Metals at the Center of Photosynthesis: Magnesium and Manganese | |
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| Volume and Efficiency of Photosynthesis | |
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| Primary Processes in Photosynthesis | |
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| Light Absorption (Energy Acquisition) | |
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| Exciton Transport (Directed Energy Transfer) | |
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| Charge Separation and Electron Transport | |
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| Insertion: Structure Determination by X-ray Diffraction | |
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| Manganese-catalyzed Oxidation of Water to O<sub>2</sub> | |
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| Insertion: Spin-Spin Coupling | |
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| References | |
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| The Dioxygen Molecule, O<sub>2</sub>: Uptake, Transport and Storage of an Inorganic Natural Product | |
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| Molecular and Chemical Properties of Dioxygen, O<sub>2</sub> | |
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| Oxygen Transport and Storage through Hemoglobin and Myoglobin | |
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| Alternative Oxygen Transport in Some Lower Animals: Hemerythrin and Hemocyanin | |
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| Magnetism | |
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| Light Absorption | |
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| Vibrational Spectroscopy | |
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| Insertion: Resonance Raman Spectroscopy | |
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| M�ssbauer Spectroscopy | |
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| Insertion: M�ssbauer Spectroscopy | |
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| Structure | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References | |
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| Catalysis through Hemoproteins: Electron Transfer, Oxygen Activation and Metabolism of Inorganic Intermediates | |
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| Cytochromes | |
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| Cytochrome P-450: Oxygen Transfer from O<sub>2</sub> to Nonactivated Substrates | |
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| Peroxidases: Detoxification and Utilization of Doubly Reduced Dioxygen | |
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| Controlling the Reaction Mechanism of the Oxyheme Group: Generation and Function of Organic Free Radicals | |
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| Hemoproteins in the Catalytic Transformation of Partially Reduced Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds | |
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| Insertion: Gasotransmitters | |
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| References | |
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| Iron-Sulfur and Other Non-heme Iron Proteins | |
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| Biological Relevance of the Element Combination Iron-Sulfur | |
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| Insertion: Extremophiles and Bioinorganic Chemistry | |
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| Rubredoxins | |
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| [2Fe-2S] Centers | |
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| Polynuclear Fe/S Clusters: Relevance of the Protein Environment and Catalytic Activity | |
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| Model Systems for Fe/S Proteins | |
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| Iron-containing Enzymes without Porphyrin or Sulfide Ligands | |
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| Iron-containing Ribonucleotide Reductase | |
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| Soluble Methane Monooxygenase | |
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| Purple Acid Phosphatases (Fe/Fe and Fe/Zn) | |
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| Mononuclear Non-heme Iron Enzymes | |
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| References | |
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| Uptake, Transport and Storage of an Essential Element, as Exemplified by Iron | |
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| Insertion: Metallome | |
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| The Problem of Iron Mobilization: Oxidation States, Solubility and Medical Relevance | |
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| Siderophores: Iron Uptake by Microorganisms | |
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| Insertion: Optical Isomerism in Octahedral Complexes | |
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| Phytosiderophores: Iron Uptake by Plants | |
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| Transport and Storage of Iron | |
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| Transferrin | |
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| Ferritin | |
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| Hemosiderin | |
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| References | |
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| Nickel-containing Enzymes: The Remarkable Career of a Long-overlooked Biometal | |
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| Overview | |
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| Urease | |
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| Hydrogenases | |
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| CO Dehydrogenase = CO Oxidoreductase = Acetyl-CoA Synthase | |
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| Methyl-coenzyme M Reductase (Including the F<sub>430</sub> Cofactor) | |
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| Insertion: Natural and Artificial (Industrial) C<sub>1</sub> Chemistry | |
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| Insertion: Bioorganometallics II: The Organometallic Chemistry of Cobalt and Nickel | |
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| Superoxide Dismutase | |
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| Model Compounds | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Copper-containing Proteins: An Alternative to Biological Iron | |
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| Type 1: "Blue" Copper Proteins | |
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| Insertion: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance II | |
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| Type 2 and Type 3 Copper Centers in O<sub>2</sub>-activating Proteins: Oxygen Transport and Oxygenation | |
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| Copper Proteins as Oxidases/Reductases | |
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| Cytochrome c Oxidase | |
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| Cu,Zn-and Other Superoxide Dismutases: Substrate-specific Antioxidants | |
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| References | |
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| Biological Functions of the "Early" Transition Metals: Molybdenum, Tungsten, Vanadium and Chromium | |
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| Oxygen Transfer through Tungsten-and Molybdenum-containing Enzymes | |
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| Overview | |
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| Oxotransferase Enzymes Containing the Molybdopterin or Tungstopterin Cofactor | |
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| Insertion: "Oxidation" | |
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| Metalloenzymes in the Biological Nitrogen Cycle: Molybdenum-dependent Nitrogen Fixation | |
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| Alternative Nitrogenases | |
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| Biological Vanadium Outside of Nitrogenases | |
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| Chromium(III) in the Metabolism? | |
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| References | |
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| Zinc: Structural and Gene-regulatory Functions and the Enzymatic Catalysis of Hydrolysis and Condensation Reactions | |
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| Overview | |
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| Carboanhydrase | |
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| Carboxypeptidase A and Other Hydrolases | |
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| Catalysis of Condensation Reactions by Zinc-containing Enzymes | |
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| Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Related Enzymes | |
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| The "Zinc Finger" and Other Gene-regulatory Zinc Proteins | |
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| Insulin, hGH, Metallothionein and DNA Repair Systems as Zinc-containing Proteins | |
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| References | |
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| Unequally Distributed Electrolytes: Function and Transport of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Cations | |
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| Characterization and Biological Roles of K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> | |
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| Insertion: Heteroatom Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | |
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| Complexes of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Ions with Macrocycles | |
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| Ion Channels | |
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| Ion Pumps | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Catalysis and Regulation of Bioenergetic Processes by the Alkaline Earth Metal Ions Mg<sup>2+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup> | |
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| Magnesium: Catalysis of Phosphate Transfer by Divalent Ions | |
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| The Ubiquitous Regulatory Role of Ca<sup>2+</sup> | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Biomineralization: The Controlled Assembly of "Advanced Materials" in Biology | |
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| Overview | |
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| Nucleation and Crystal Growth | |
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| Insertion: Dimensions | |
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| Examples of Biominerals | |
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| Calcium Phosphate in the Bones of Vertebrates and the Global P Cycle | |
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| Insertion: The Global P Cycle | |
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| Calcium Carbonate and the Global Inorganic C Cycle | |
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| Insertion: The Global C Cycle and the Marine Inorganic C Cycle | |
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| Amorphous Silica | |
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| Iron Biominerals | |
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| Strontium and Barium Sulfates | |
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| Biomimetic Materials | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Biological Functions of the Nonmetallic Inorganic Elements | |
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| Overview | |
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| Boron | |
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| Silicon | |
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| Arsenic and Trivalent Phosphorus | |
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| Bromine | |
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| Fluorine | |
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| Iodine | |
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| Selenium | |
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| References | |
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| The Bioinorganic Chemistry of the Quintessentially Toxic Metals | |
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| Overview | |
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| Lead | |
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| Cadmium | |
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| Thallium | |
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| Mercury | |
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| Aluminum | |
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| Beryllium | |
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| Chromium and Tungsten | |
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| Toxicity of Nanomaterials | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Biochemical Behavior of Radionuclides and Medical Imaging Using Inorganic Compounds | |
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| Radiation Risks and Medical Benefits from Natural and Synthetic Radionuclides | |
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| The Biochemical Impact of Ionizing Radiation from Radioactive Isotopes | |
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| Natural and Synthetic Radioisotopes | |
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| Bioinorganic Chemistry of Radionuclides | |
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| Insertion: Fukushima Daiichi, Chernobyl, Hiroshima and Nuclear Weapons Testing | |
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| Radiopharmaceuticals | |
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| Technetium: A "Synthetic Bioinorganic Element" | |
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| Radiotracers for the Investigation of the Metallome | |
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| Medical Imaging Based on Nonradioactive Inorganic Compounds | |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | |
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| X-ray Contrast Agents | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Chemotherapy Involving Nonessential Elements | |
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| Overview | |
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| Platinum Complexes in Cancer Therapy | |
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| Discovery, Application and Structure-Effect Relationships | |
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| Cisplatin: Mode of Action | |
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| New Anticancer Drugs Based on Transition Metal Complexes | |
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| Overview and Aims for Drug Development | |
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| Nonplatinum Anticancer Drugs | |
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| Further Inorganic Compounds in (Noncancer) Chemotherapy | |
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| Gold-containing Drugs Used in the Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis | |
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| Lithium in Psychopharmacologic Drugs | |
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| Bismuth Compounds against Ulcers | |
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| Vanadium-containing Insulin Mimetics and V-containing Anti-HTV Drags | |
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| Sodium Nitroprusside | |
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| Bioorganometallic Chemistry of Nonessential Elements | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |