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About the Authors | |
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Preface to the Third Edition | |
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Nomenclature | |
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Dimensions and Units | |
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Fundamental Concepts | |
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Separation Processes | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Industrial Chemical Processes | |
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Basic Separation Techniques | |
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Separations by Phase Addition or Creation | |
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Separations by Barriers | |
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Separations by Solid Agents | |
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Separations by External Field or Gradient | |
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Component Recoveries and Product Purities | |
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Separation Factor | |
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Introduction to Bioseparations | |
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Selection of Feasible Separations | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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Thermodynamics of Separation Operations | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Energy, Entropy, and Availability Balances | |
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Phase Equilibria | |
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Ideal-Gas, Ideal-Liquid-Solution Model | |
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Graphical Correlations of Thermodynamic Properties | |
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Nonideal Thermodynamic Property Models | |
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Liquid Activity-Coefficient Models | |
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Difficult Mixtures | |
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Selecting an Appropriate Model | |
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Thermodynamic Activity of Biological Species | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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Mass Transfer and Diffusion | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Steady-State, Ordinary Molecular Diffusion | |
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Diffusion Coefficients (Diffusivities) | |
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Steady- and Unsteady-State Mass Transfer Through Stationary Media | |
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Mass Transfer in Laminar Flow | |
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Mass Transfer in Turbulent Flow | |
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Models for Mass Transfer in Fluids with a Fluid-Fluid Interface | |
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Two-Film Theory and Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients | |
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Molecular Mass Transfer in Terms of Other Driving Forces | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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Single Equilibrium Stages and Flash Calculations | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Gibbs Phase Rule and Degrees of Freedom | |
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Binary Vapor-Liquid Systems | |
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Binary Azeotropic Systems | |
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Multicomponent Flash, Bubble-Point, and Dew-Point Calculations | |
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Ternary Liquid-Liquid Systems | |
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Multicomponent Liquid-Liquid Systems | |
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Solid-Liquid Systems | |
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Gas-Liquid Systems | |
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Gas-Solid Systems | |
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Multiphase Systems | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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Cascades and Hybrid Systems | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Cascade Configurations | |
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Solid-Liquid Cascades | |
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Single-Section Extraction Cascades | |
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Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Cascades | |
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Membrane Cascades | |
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Hybrid Systems | |
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Degrees of Freedom and Specifications for Cascades | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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Separations By Phase Addition or Creation | |
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Absorption and Stripping of Dilute Mixtures | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Equipment for Vapor-Liquid Separations | |
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General Design Considerations | |
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Graphical Method for Trayed Towers | |
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Algebraic Method for Determining N | |
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Stage Efficiency and Column Height for Trayed Columns | |
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Flooding, Column Diameter, Pressure Drop, and Mass Transfer for Trayed Columns | |
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Rate-Based Method for Packed Columns | |
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Packed-Column Liquid Holdup, Diameter, Flooding, Pressure Drop, and Mass-Transfer | |
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Efficiency | |
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Concentrated Solutions in Packed Columns | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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Distillation of Binary Mixtures | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Equipment and Design Considerations | |
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McCabe-Thiele Graphical Method for Trayed Towers | |
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Extensions of the McCabe-Thiele Method | |
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Estimation of Stage Efficiency for Distillation | |
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Column and Reflux-Drum Diameters | |
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Rate-Based Method for Packed Distillation Columns | |
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Introduction to the Ponchon-Savarit Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method for Trayed | |
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Towers | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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Liquid-Liquid Extraction with Ternary Systems | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Equipment for Solvent Extraction | |
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General Design Considerations | |
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Hunter-Nash Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method | |
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Maloney-Schubert Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method | |
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Theory and Scale-up of Extractor Performance | |
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Extraction of Bioproducts | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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Approximate Methods for Multicomponent, Multistage Separations | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland (FUG) Method | |
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Kremser Group Method | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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Equilibrium-Based Methods for Multicomponent Absorption, Stripping, | |
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Distillation, and Extraction | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Theoretical Model for an Equilibrium Stage | |
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Strategy of Mathematical Solution | |
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Equation-Tearing Procedures | |
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Newton-Raphson (NR) Method | |
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Inside-Out Method | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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Enhanced Distillation and Supercritical Extraction | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Use of Triangular Graphs | |
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Extractive Distillation | |
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Salt Distillation | |
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Pressure-Swing Distillation | |
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Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation | |
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Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation | |
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Reactive Distillation | |
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Supercritical-Fluid Extraction | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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Rate-Based Models for Vapor-Liquid Separation Operations | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Rate-Based Model | |
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Thermodynamic Properties and Transport-Rate Expressions | |
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Methods for Estimating Transport Coefficients and Interfacial Area | |
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Vapor and Liquid Flow Patterns | |
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Method of Calculation | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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Batch Distillation | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Differential Distillation | |
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Binary Batch Rectification | |
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Batch Stripping and Complex Batch Distillation | |
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Effect of Liquid Holdup | |
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Shortcut Method for Batch Rectification | |
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Stage-by-Stage Methods for Batch Rectification | |
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Intermediate-cut Strategy | |
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Optimal Control by Variation of Reflux Ratio | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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Separations By Barriers and Solid Agents | |
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Membrane Separations | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Membrane Materials | |
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Membrane Modules | |
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Transport in Membranes | |
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Dialysis | |
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Electrodialysis | |
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Reverse Osmosis | |
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Gas Permeation | |
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Pervaporation | |
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Membranes in Bioprocessing | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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Adsorption, Ion Exchange, Chromatography, and Electrophoresis | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Sorbents | |
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Equilibrium Considerations | |
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Kinetic and Transport Considerations | |
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Equipment for Sorption Systems | |
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Slurry and Fixed-Bed Adsorption Systems | |
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Continuous, Countercurrent Adsorption Systems | |
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Ion-Exchange Cycle | |
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Electrophoresis | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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SEPARATIONS THAT INVOLVE A SOLID PHASE | |
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Leaching and Washing | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Equipment for Leaching | |
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Equilibrium-Stage Model for Leaching and Washing | |
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Rate-Based Model for Leaching | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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Crystallization, Desublimation, and Evaporation | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Crystal Geometry | |
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Thermodynamic Considerations | |
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Kinetics and Mass Transfer | |
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Equipment for Solution Crystallization | |
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The MSMPR Crystallization Model | |
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Precipitation | |
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Melt Crystallization | |
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Zone Melting | |
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Desublimation | |
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Evaporation | |
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Bioproduct Crystallization | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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Drying of Solids | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Drying Equipment | |
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Psychrometry | |
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Equilibrium-Moisture Content of Solids | |
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Drying Periods | |
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Dryer Models | |
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Drying of Bioproducts | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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Mechanical Separation of Phases | |
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Mechanical Phase Separations | |
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Instructional Objectives | |
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Separation-Device Selection | |
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Industrial Particle-Separator Devices | |
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Design of Particle Separators | |
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Design of Solid-Liquid Cake-Filtration Devices Based on Pressure Gradients | |
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Centrifuge Devices for Solid-Liquid Separations | |
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Wash Cycles | |
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Mechanical Separations in Biotechnology | |
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Summary References Study Questions Exercises | |
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Answers to Selected Exercises | |
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Index | |