| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signals, Filters, and Tools | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sinusoidal Signals | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Pendulum Analogy | |
| |
| |
| Describing Amplitude in the x-y Plane | |
| |
| |
| In-Phase and Quadrature Signals | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Complex (z-) Plane | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comb Filters | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Digital Comb Filter | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Digital Differentiator | |
| |
| |
| |
| An Intuitive Discussion of the z-Plane | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comb Filters with Multiple Delay Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Digital Integrator | |
| |
| |
| The Delaying Integrator | |
| |
| |
| An Important Note | |
| |
| |
| |
| Representing Signals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exponential Fourier Series | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fourier Transform | |
| |
| |
| Dirac Delta Function (Unit Impulse Response) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sampling and Aliasing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sampling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Impulse Sampling | |
| |
| |
| A Note Concerning the AAF and the RCF | |
| |
| |
| Time Domain Description of Reconstruction | |
| |
| |
| An Important Note | |
| |
| |
| |
| Decimation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Sample-and-Hold (S/H) | |
| |
| |
| S/H Spectral Response | |
| |
| |
| The Reconstruction Filter (RCF) | |
| |
| |
| Circuit Concerns for Implementing the S/H | |
| |
| |
| An Example | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Track-and-Hold (T/H) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interpolation | |
| |
| |
| Zero Padding | |
| |
| |
| Hold Register | |
| |
| |
| Linear Interpolation | |
| |
| |
| |
| K-Path Sampling | |
| |
| |
| Switched-Capacitor Circuits | |
| |
| |
| Non-Overlapping Clock Generation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Circuits | |
| |
| |
| |
| Implementing the S/H | |
| |
| |
| Finite Op-Amp Gain-Bandwidth Product | |
| |
| |
| Autozeroing | |
| |
| |
| Correlated Double Sampling (CDS) | |
| |
| |
| Selecting Capacitor Sizes | |
| |
| |
| |
| The S/H with Gain | |
| |
| |
| Implementing Subtraction in the S/H | |
| |
| |
| A Single-Ended to Differential Output S/H | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Discrete Analog Integrator (DAI) | |
| |
| |
| A Note Concerning Block Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| Fully-Differential DAI | |
| |
| |
| DAI Noise Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analog Filters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integrator Building Blocks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lowpass Filters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Active-RC Integrators | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Finite Op-Amp Gain Bandwidth Product, f[subscript un] | |
| |
| |
| Active-RC SNR | |
| |
| |
| |
| MOSFET-C Integrators | |
| |
| |
| Why Use an Active Circuit (an Op-Amp)? | |
| |
| |
| |
| g[subscript m]-C (Transconductor-C) Integrators | |
| |
| |
| Common-Mode Feedback Considerations | |
| |
| |
| A High-Frequency Transconductor | |
| |
| |
| |
| Discrete-Time Integrators | |
| |
| |
| An Important Note | |
| |
| |
| Exact Frequency Response of an Ideal Discrete-Time Filter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Filtering Topologies | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Bilinear Transfer Function | |
| |
| |
| Active-RC Implementation | |
| |
| |
| Transconductor-C Implementation | |
| |
| |
| Switched-Capacitor Implementation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Biquadratic Transfer Function | |
| |
| |
| Active-RC Implementation | |
| |
| |
| Switched-Capacitor Implementation | |
| |
| |
| High Q | |
| |
| |
| Q Peaking and Instability | |
| |
| |
| Transconductor-C Implementation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Filters | |
| |
| |
| |
| SPICE Models for DACs and ADCs | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Ideal DAC | |
| |
| |
| SPICE Modeling the Ideal DAC | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Ideal ADC | |
| |
| |
| |
| Number Representation | |
| |
| |
| Increasing Word Size (Extending the Sign-Bit) | |
| |
| |
| Adding Numbers and Overflow | |
| |
| |
| Subtracting Numbers in Two's Complement Format | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sinc-Shaped Digital Filters | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Counter | |
| |
| |
| Aliasing | |
| |
| |
| The Accumulate-and-Dump | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lowpass Sinc Filters | |
| |
| |
| Averaging without Decimation: A Review | |
| |
| |
| Cascading Sinc Filters | |
| |
| |
| Finite and Infinite Impulse Response Filters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bandpass and Highpass Sinc Filters | |
| |
| |
| Canceling Zeroes to Create Highpass and Bandpass Filters | |
| |
| |
| Frequency Sampling Filters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interpolation using Sinc Filters | |
| |
| |
| Additional Control | |
| |
| |
| Cascade of Integrators and Combs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Decimation using Sinc Filters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Filtering Topologies | |
| |
| |
| |
| FIR Filters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stability and Overflow | |
| |
| |
| Overflow | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Bilinear Transfer Function | |
| |
| |
| The Canonic Form (or Standard Form) of a Digital Filter | |
| |
| |
| General Canonic Form of a Recursive Filter | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Biquadratic Transfer Function | |
| |
| |
| Comparing Biquads to Sinc-Shaped Filters | |
| |
| |
| A Comment Concerning Multiplications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Converter SNR | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quantization Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Viewing the Quantization Noise Spectrum Using Simulations | |
| |
| |
| Bennett's Criteria | |
| |
| |
| An Important Note | |
| |
| |
| RMS Quantization Noise Voltage | |
| |
| |
| Treating Quantization Noise as a Random Variable | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quantization Noise Voltage Spectral Density | |
| |
| |
| Calculating Quantization Noise from a SPICE Spectrum | |
| |
| |
| Power Spectral Density | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) | |
| |
| |
| Effective Number of Bits | |
| |
| |
| Coherent Sampling | |
| |
| |
| Signal-to-Noise Plus Distortion Ratio | |
| |
| |
| Spurious Free Dynamic Range | |
| |
| |
| Dynamic Range | |
| |
| |
| Specifying SNR and SNDR | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clock Jitter | |
| |
| |
| Using Oversampling to Reduce Sampling Clock Jitter Stability Requirements | |
| |
| |
| A Practical Note | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Tool: The Spectral Density | |
| |
| |
| The Spectral Density of Deterministic Signals: An Overview | |
| |
| |
| The Spectral Density of Random Signals: An Overview | |
| |
| |
| Specifying Phase Noise from Measured Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| Improving SNR using Averaging | |
| |
| |
| An Important Note | |
| |
| |
| |
| Using Averaging to Improve SNR | |
| |
| |
| Ideal Signal-to-Noise Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linearity Requirements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adding a Noise Dither | |
| |
| |
| |
| Jitter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Anti-Aliasing Filter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Using Feedback to Improve SNR | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Converter Design Basics | |
| |
| |
| The One-Bit ADC and DAC | |
| |
| |
| |
| Passive Noise-Shaping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| Decimating and Filtering the Modulator's Output | |
| |
| |
| SNR Calculation using a Sinc Filter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Offset, Matching, and Linearity | |
| |
| |
| Resistor Mismatch | |
| |
| |
| The Feedback DAC | |
| |
| |
| DAC Offset | |
| |
| |
| Linearity of the First-Order Modulator | |
| |
| |
| Dead Zones | |
| |
| |
| |
| Improving SNR and Linearity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Second-Order Passive Noise-Shaping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Passive Noise-Shaping Using Switched-Capacitors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Increasing SNR using K-Paths | |
| |
| |
| Revisiting Switched-Capacitor Implementations | |
| |
| |
| Effects of the Added Amplifier on Linearity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Improving Linearity Using an Active Circuit | |
| |
| |
| Second-Order Noise-Shaping | |
| |
| |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio | |
| |
| |
| Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noise-Shaping Data Converters | |
| |
| |
| |
| First-Order Noise Shaping | |
| |
| |
| A Digital First-Order NS Demodulator | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modulation Noise in First-Order NS Modulators | |
| |
| |
| |
| RMS Quantization Noise in a First-Order Modulator | |
| |
| |
| |
| Decimating and Filtering the Output of a NS Modulator | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pattern Noise from DC Inputs (Limit Cycle Oscillations) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integrator and Forward Modulator Gain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comparator Gain, Offset, Noise, and Hysteresis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Op-Amp Gain (Integrator Leakage) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Op-Amp Settling Time | |
| |
| |
| |
| Op-Amp Offset | |
| |
| |
| |
| Op-Amp Input-Referred Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Practical Implementation of the First-Order NS Modulator | |
| |
| |
| |
| Second-Order Noise-Shaping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Second-Order Modulator Topology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integrator Gain | |
| |
| |
| Implementing Feedback Gains in the DAI | |
| |
| |
| Using Two Delaying Integrators to Implement the Second-Order Modulator | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selecting Modulator (Integrator) Gains | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noise-Shaping Topologies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Higher-Order Modulators | |
| |
| |
| M[superscript th]-Order Modulator Topology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Filtering the Output of an M[superscript th]-Order NS Modulator | |
| |
| |
| |
| Implementing Higher-Order, Single-Stage Modulators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multi-Bit Modulators | |
| |
| |
| Simulating a Multibit NS Modulator Using SPICE | |
| |
| |
| |
| Error Feedback | |
| |
| |
| Implementation Concerns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cascaded Modulators | |
| |
| |
| Second-Order (1-1) Modulators | |
| |
| |
| Third-Order (1-1-1) Modulators | |
| |
| |
| Third-Order (2-1) Modulators | |
| |
| |
| Implementing the Additional Summing Input | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bandpass Data Converters | |
| |
| |
| |
| Continuous-Time Bandpass Noise-Shaping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Passive-Component Bandpass Modulators | |
| |
| |
| An Important Note | |
| |
| |
| |
| Active-Component Bandpass Modulators | |
| |
| |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modulators for Conversion at Radio Frequencies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Switched-Capacitor Bandpass Noise-Shaping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Switched-Capacitor Resonators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Second-Order Modulators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fourth-Order Modulators | |
| |
| |
| A Common Error | |
| |
| |
| A Comment about 1/f Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital I/Q Extraction to Baseband | |
| |
| |
| |
| A High-Speed Data Converter | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Topology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clock Signals | |
| |
| |
| Path Settling Time | |
| |
| |
| |
| Implementation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Filtering | |
| |
| |
| Examples | |
| |
| |
| Direction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Discussion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Understanding the Clock Signals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Practical Implementation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Generating the Clock Signals | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Components | |
| |
| |
| The Switched-Capacitors | |
| |
| |
| The Amplifier | |
| |
| |
| The Clocked Comparator | |
| |
| |
| |
| The ADC | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| Index | |