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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Outline of the Book | |
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| List of Symbols | |
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| Electromagnetic Fields and Potentials | |
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| Principle of Least Action. Lagrangian. Generalized Momentum. Lagrangian Equations | |
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| Hamiltonian. Hamiltonian Equations | |
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| Liouville Theorem | |
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| Liouville Theorem for Interaction Particles | |
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| Liouville Theorem for Noninteraction Identical Particles | |
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| Liouville Theorem for a Phase Space of Lesser Dimensions | |
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| Emittance. Brightness | |
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| Emittance in a Zero Magnetic Field | |
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| Brightness | |
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| Maximum Langmuir Brightness for Thermionic Emitters | |
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| Electron Beams | |
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| Motion of Electrons in External Electric and Magnetic Static Fields | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Energy of a Charged Particle | |
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| Potential-Velocity Relation (Static Fields) | |
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| Electrons in a Linear Electric Field e[subscript 0]E = kx | |
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| Nonrelativistic Approximation | |
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| Relativistic Oscillator | |
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| Motion of Electrons in Homogeneous Static Fields | |
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| Electric Field | |
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| Magnetic Field | |
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| Parallel Electric and Magnetic Fields | |
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| Perpendicular Fields E and B | |
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| Arbitrary Orientation of Fields E and B Nonrelativistic Approximation | |
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| Motion of Electrons in Weakly Inhomogeneous Static Fields | |
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| Small Variations in Electromagnetic Fields Acting on Moving Charged Particles | |
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| Adiabatic Invariants | |
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| Motion of the Guiding Center | |
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| Motion of Electrons in Fields with Axial and Plane Symmetry. Busch's Theorem | |
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| Systems with Axial Symmetry. Busch's Theorem | |
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| Formation of Helical Trajectories at a Jump in a Magnetic Field | |
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| Systems with Plane Symmetry | |
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| Electron Lenses | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Maupertuis's Principle. Electron-Optical Refractive Index. Differential Equations of Trajectories | |
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| Maupertuis's Principle. Differential Equations of Trajectories | |
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| General Properties of Charged-Particle Trajectories in Electromagnetic Fields | |
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| Differential Equations of Trajectories in Axially Symmetric Fields | |
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| Differential Equations of Paraxial Trajectories in Axially Symmetric Fields Without a Space Charge | |
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| Formation of Images by Paraxial Trajectories | |
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| Linearization of Trajectory Equations | |
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| Rotation of an Image. Stigmatic Imaging. Image Similarity | |
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| Magnifications | |
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| Electrostatic Axially Symmetric Lenses | |
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| Classification of Electrostatic Lenses | |
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| Immersion and Unipotential Lenses | |
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| Cardinal Elements of a Lens with Limited Field Extent | |
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| Focal Length of Thin Unipotential and Immersion Lenses | |
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| Aperture Lenses | |
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| Applications of Cathode Lenses | |
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| Magnetic Axially Symmetric Lenses | |
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| Equations of Paraxial Trajectories. Classification of Magnetic Lenses | |
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| Short Magnetic Lenses | |
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| Strong Magnetic Lenses | |
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| Long Magnetic Lenses | |
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| Aberrations of Axially Symmetric Lenses | |
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| Geometric Aberrations | |
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| Chromatic Aberration | |
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| Disturbances of Axial Symmetry | |
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| Space-Charge Fields | |
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| Electron Diffraction | |
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| Comparison of Electrostatic and Magnetic Lenses. Transfer Matrix of Lenses | |
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| Comparison of the Optical Power of Electrostatic and Magnetic Lenses | |
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| Second-Order Focusing of Axially Symmetric Lenses | |
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| Transfer Matrix of Lenses | |
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| Quadrupole lenses | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Equation of Paraxial Trajectories | |
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| Transfer Matrix | |
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| Cardinal Elements | |
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| Quadrupole Doublets | |
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| Quadrupole Triplets | |
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| Applications of Quadrupole Lenses | |
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| Electron Beams with Self Fields | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Self-Consistent Equations of Steady-State Space-Charge Electron Beams | |
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| Single-Flow Approximation (Laminar Beams). Pinch Effect | |
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| Multistream Flows | |
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| Kinetic Description | |
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| Euler's Form of a Motion Equation. Lagrange and Poincare Invariants of Laminar Flows | |
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| Equation of Motion in Euler Form. Regular Beams | |
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| Lagrange and Poincare Invariants | |
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| Generalized Busch Theorem | |
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| Nonvortex Beams. Action Function. Planar Nonrelativistic Diode. Perveance. Child-Langmuir Formula, [rho]- and T-Modes of Electron Beams | |
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| Indications of Congruent Beams | |
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| Differential Equation of a Congruent Beam | |
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| Nonmagnetic Congruent Beams | |
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| Application of an Action Function to Analysis of a Planar Nonrelativistic Diode. Child-Langmuir Formula. [rho]- and T-Modes | |
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| Influence of Initial Velocities | |
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| Optical Definition of a Congruent Beam | |
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| Solutions of Self-Consistent Equations for Curvilinear Space-Charge Laminar Beams. Meltzer Flow. Planar Magnetron with an Inclined Magnetic Field. Dryden Flow | |
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| Forms of Representation of Solutions for Curvilinear Space-Charge Beams | |
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| Normal Congruent Nonrelativistic Beams. Single-Component Flows | |
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| Meltzer Flow | |
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| Laminar Noncongruent Beams | |
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| Electron Guns | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Pierce's Synthesis Method for Gun Design | |
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| Internal Problems of Synthesis. Relativistic Planar Diode. Cylindrical and Spherical Diodes | |
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| Relativistic Planar Diode in the [rho]-Mode | |
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| Nonrelativistic Cylindrical and Spherical Diodes in the [rho]-Mode | |
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| External Problems of Synthesis. Cauchy Problem | |
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| Cauchy Problem for Laplace's Equation | |
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| Synthesis of a Pierce Gun | |
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| Synthesis of Electrode Systems for Two-Dimensional Curvilinear Beams with Translation Symmetry (Lomax-Kirstein Method). Magnetron Injection Gun | |
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| Lomax-Kirstein Method of Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Systems | |
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| Design of Electrodes for a Meltzer Flow Gun | |
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| Design of Electrodes for a Magnetron Injection Gun | |
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| Synthesis of Axially Symmetric Electrode Systems | |
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| Statement of the Problem. Harker's Method. Conformal Transformation of a Boundary Trajectory. Field Equations in a Transformed Plane | |
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| Transformation of Beam Equations to a Hyperbolic Type. Numerical Realization of Harker's Method | |
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| Electron Guns with Compressed Beams. Magnetron Injection Gun | |
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| Electron Guns with Wedge-Shaped and Conic Beams | |
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| Magnetron Injection Electron Guns (Kino-Taylor Guns) | |
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| High-Convergence Electron Gun with a Magnetic Accompaniment | |
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| Centrifugal Electrostatic Guns | |
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| Explosive Emission Guns | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Planar Explosive Emission Diodes | |
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| Magnetically Insulated Diodes | |
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| Transport of Space-Charge Beams | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Unrippled Axially Symmetric Nonrelativistic Beams in a Uniform Magnetic field | |
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| Statement of the Problem. Equations of an Equilibrium Beam | |
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| Isovelocity Beams | |
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| Solid Brillouin Beams | |
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| Hollow Brillouin Beams | |
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| Unrippled Relativistic Beams in a Uniform External Magnetic Field | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Equations of Relativistic Equilibrium Electron Flow | |
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| Solid Relativistic Brillouin Beams | |
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| Cylindrical Beams in an Infinite Magnetic Field | |
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| Thin Annular Flows in an Infinite Magnetic Field | |
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| Cylindrical Solid Beams in an Infinite Magnetic Field | |
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| Centrifugal Electrostatic Focusing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Self-Consistent Centrifugal Focusing of an Annular Electron Beam | |
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| Electron Guns Formatting Harris Flow | |
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| Paraxial-Ray Equations of Axially Symmetric Laminar Beams | |
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| Paraxial-Ray Equations of Axially Symmetric Hollow Beams with Rectilinear Axis | |
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| Paraxial-Ray Equations of Axially Symmetric Solid Beams | |
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| Expansion of a Laminar Beam in a Uniform Drift Tube | |
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| Transfer of a Maximal Beam Current Through a Drift Tube Without External Fields | |
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| Axially Symmetric Paraxial Beams in a Uniform Magnetic Field with Arbitrary Shielding of a Cathode Magnetic Field | |
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| Paraxial-Ray Equation of an Axially Symmetric Laminar Beam in a Uniform Magnetic Field and Its First Integral | |
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| Equilibrium Radius of an Electron Beam | |
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| Stiffness of an Electron Beam. Frequency and Wavelength of Small Ripples | |
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| Transport of Space-Charge Beams in Spatial Periodic Fields | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Magnetic Periodic Focusing | |
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| Microwave Vacuum Electronics | |
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| Quasistationary Microwave Devices | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Currents in Electron Gaps. Total Current and the Shockley-Ramo Theorem | |
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| Total Current. Continuity of Total Current | |
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| Total Current and the Shockley-Ramo Theorem | |
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| Particular Cases | |
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| Admittance of a Planar Electron Gap. Electron Gap as an Oscillator. Monotron | |
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| Formulation of the Problem. Scheme of the Solution | |
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| Law of Charge Conservation | |
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| Calculation of Induced Current | |
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| Linearization of Induced Current. Complex Admittance of an Electron Gap | |
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| Equivalent Circuit of an Electron Gap. Electron Gap as an Oscillator. Monotron | |
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| Equation of Stationary Oscillations of a Resonance Self-Excited Circuit | |
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| Effects of a Space-Charge Field. Total Current Method. High-Frequency Diode in the [rho]-Mode. Llewellyn-Peterson Equations | |
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| Total Current Method | |
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| Analysis of a Diode for Current Limited by Space Charge | |
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| Llewellyn-Peterson Equations | |
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| Klystrons | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Velocity Modulation of an Electron beam | |
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| Cinematic (Elementary) Theory of Bunching | |
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| Qualitative Discussion | |
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| Bunching of a Convection Current | |
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| Fourier Expansion of a Convection Current | |
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| Interaction of a Bunched Current with a Catcher Field. Output Power of A Two-Cavity Klystron | |
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| Interaction of a Bunched Current with a Catcher Field | |
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| Output Power and Electron Efficiency in a Kinematic Approximation | |
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| Experimental Characteristics of a Two-Resonator Amplifier and Frequency-Multiplier Klystrons | |
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| Space-Charge Waves in Velocity-Modulated Beams | |
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| Formulation of the Problem | |
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| Equations of Space-Charge Waves | |
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| Fast and Slow Space-Charge Waves | |
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| Plasma Frequency Reduction Factor | |
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| Debunching of a Velocity-Modulated Beam by a Space Charge | |
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| Multicavity and Multibeam Klystron Amplifiers | |
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| Voltage Amplifier Mode (Maximum Gain) | |
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| Power Amplifier Mode | |
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| Bandwidth Amplifier Mode | |
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| Multibeam Klystrons | |
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| Relativistic Klystrons | |
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| Reflex Klystrons | |
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| Bunching of an Electron Beam in a Retarded Field | |
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| Calculation of Electron Power and Efficiency | |
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| Equation of Stationary Oscillations. Starting Current. Electronic Frequency Tuning. Oscillation Zones | |
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| Efficiency and Applications of Reflex Klystrons | |
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| Traveling-Wave Tubes and Backward-Wave Oscillators (O-Type Tubes) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Qualitative Mechanism of Bunching and Energy Output in a TWTO | |
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| Scheme of a TWTO | |
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| Qualitative Mechanism of Bunching and Energy Radiation in a TWTO | |
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| Slow-Wave Structures | |
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| Elements of SWS Theory | |
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| Floquet's Theorem | |
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| Spatial Harmonics | |
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| Linear Theory of a Nonrelativistic TWTO. Dispersion Equation, Gain, Effects of Nonsynchronism, Space Charge, and Loss in a Slow-Wave Structure | |
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| Statement of the Problem | |
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| Bunching of a Convection Current in a Traveling-Wave Field | |
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| Excitation of the Field E[subscript w] in a Slow-Wave Structure by a Given Convection Current | |
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| Dispersion Equation of the TWTO | |
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| Dimensionless Parameters, Initial Conditions, and Gain of a Nonrelativistic TWTO | |
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| Particular Cases | |
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| Nonlinear Effects in a Nonrelativistic TWTO. Enhancement of TWTO Efficiency (Velocity Tapering, Depressed Collectors) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Derivation of Nonlinear Equations of a TWTO | |
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| Phasing of Electrons and Trapping of Bunches in a Traveling Wave | |
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| Enhancement of TWTO Efficiency. Velocity Tapering. Depressed Collectors | |
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| Basic Characteristics and Applications of Nonrelativistic TWTOs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| TWTO Noises | |
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| Influence of Wave Reflections on Gain. Self-Excitation of TWTOs. Attenuation and Severing | |
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| Intermodulation Distortion | |
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| Characteristics of Helical and Coupled-Cavity TWTOs | |
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| Backward-Wave Oscillators | |
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| Traveling-Wave Tube as an Oscillator | |
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| Backward-Wave Amplifier Tubes: Principles of Operation | |
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| Gain in Backward Amplifiers and Starting Conditions of BWOs | |
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| Frequency Tuning in BWOs | |
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| Properties of Nonrelativistic BWOs for a Current Greater Than the Starting Value | |
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| Millimeter Nonrelativistic TWTOs, BWOs, and Orotrons | |
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| Structural Features of Millimeter Nonrelativistic TWTOs and BWOs | |
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| Clinotrons | |
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| Orotrons | |
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| Relativistic TWTOs and BWOs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Equations of Relativistic BWOs and TWTOs. Relations of Similarity | |
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| Relativistic BWOs | |
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| Relativistic TWTOs | |
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| Crossed-Field Amplifiers and Oscillators (M-Type Tubes) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Elementary Theory of a Planar MTWT | |
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| Scheme of a Planar MTWT. Electron Beam in DC Crossed Fields | |
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| Motion and Bunching of Electrons in a High-Frequency Field (Adiabatic Approximation) | |
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| Comparison of Basic Features of Bunching and Energy Transfer in MTWTs and TWTOs | |
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| MTWT Amplification | |
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| Equation of Excitation | |
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| Dispersion Equation | |
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| Gain of an MTWT | |
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| Effects of Space Charge and Losses | |
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| Nonlinear Gain of an MTWT | |
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| Efficiency of an MTWT | |
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| M-type Injected Beam Backward-Wave Oscillators (MWO, M-Carcinotron) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Starting Conditions of an MBWO | |
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| Large-Signal Effects | |
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| Parameters and Construction of an MBWO | |
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| Magnetrons | |
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| Electromagnetic Field in a Magnetron Resonator | |
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| Electron Beam in a Magnetron | |
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| Dynamic Regime of a Magnetron. Threshold Voltage | |
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| Magnetron Efficiency | |
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| Magnetron Performance | |
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| Magnetron Frequency Tuning | |
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| Relativistic Magnetrons | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Hull and Buneman-Hartree Conditions | |
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| Performance of Relativistic Magnetrons | |
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| Pulse Duration, Repetitive Operations, and Phase Locking in Relativistic Magnetrons | |
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| Magnetically Insulated Line Oscillators | |
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| MILO Principles of Operation. Choke-Equipped MILOs | |
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| Tapered MILOs | |
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| Crossed-Field Amplifiers | |
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| Basic Types of CFAs | |
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| Slow-Wave Structures of CFAs | |
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| Amplification and Efficiency of Amplitrons | |
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| Amplitron Bandwidth | |
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| Amplitron Phase Characteristics | |
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| Electron Emission in CFAs | |
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| Classical Electron Masers and Free Electron Lasers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Spontaneous Radiation of Classical Electron Oscillators | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Magnetic Bremsstrahlung. Doppler Frequency Up-Conversion | |
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| Stimulated Radiation of Excited Classical Electron Oscillators | |
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| Admittance of an Ensemble of Classical Oscillators | |
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| Linear Oscillators Near a Resonance | |
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| Stimulated Radiation of Nonlinear Oscillators Near Resonance on the nth Harmonic | |
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| Spatial Bunching of Classical Oscillators | |
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| Examples of Electron Cyclotron Masers | |
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| Oscillator of Barkhausen-Kurtz | |
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| Strophotron | |
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| Ubitron | |
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| Peniotron | |
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| Magnicon | |
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| Trochotron (ECM with Trochoidal Electron Beam) | |
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| Gyromonotron: Oscillator with a Helical Electron Beam in a Quasiuniform Waveguide Near Its Cutoff Frequency | |
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| Resonators of Gyromonotrons (Free and Forced Oscillations) | |
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| Construction and Basic Parameters of Resonators | |
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| Free Oscillations of Gyrotron Resonators | |
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| Energy Balance for Free and Forced Stationary Oscillations | |
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| Theory of a Gyromonotron | |
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| Equation of Electron Motion in a TE Wave at Quasi-Cutoff Frequency | |
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| Reducing Eqs. (10.72) and (10.73) to Slow Variables | |
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| Averaging of Equations | |
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| Hamiltonian Form of Averaged Equations | |
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| Energy Integral of Averaged Equations | |
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| Averaged Equations in Polar Coordinates | |
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| Subrelativistic Gyrotrons | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Derivation of Subrelativistic Averaged Equations | |
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| Results of Integration of Subrelativistic Gyrotron Equations | |
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| Linearization of Subrelativistic Gyrotron Equations | |
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| Starting Regime of a Gyromonotron | |
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| Elements of Gyrotron Electron Optics | |
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| Parameters of Helical Electron Beams | |
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| Systems of HEB Formation | |
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| Theory of an Adiabatic Magnetron-Injected Gun in a Nonrelativistic Approximation | |
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| Advanced Design of an MIG | |
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| Velocity, Energy Spread, and Instabilities of HEBs | |
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| Potential Depression and Limiting Current of HEBs | |
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| Mode Interaction and Mode Selection in Gyrotrons. Output Power Systems | |
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| Mode Interaction | |
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| Mode Selection | |
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| Output Power Systems | |
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| Output Windows | |
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| Depressed Collectors | |
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| Gyroklystrons | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic Model | |
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| Gyroklystron Equations | |
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| Efficiency, Gain, and Bandwidt of Gyroklystrons | |
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| Gyro-Traveling-Wave Tubes | |
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| Scheme of a Gyro-TWT. Resonance Condition | |
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| Linear Theory of Gyro-TWTs | |
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| Bandwidth of Gyro-TWTs | |
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| Reflective Instability of Gyro-TWTs | |
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| Applications of Gyrotrons | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Electron-Cyclotron Resonance Heating and Current Drive | |
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| Generation of Multiply Charged Ions and Soft X-rays. Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy | |
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| Microwave Procession of Materials | |
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| Millimeter Radar Systems | |
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| Gyroklystron RF Drivers for TeV Linear Electron-Positron Colliders | |
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| Cyclotron Autoresonance Masers | |
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| Moderately Relativistic Gyrotrons | |
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| Operation Principle and Some Properties of CARM Oscillators | |
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| Free Electron Lasers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Scheme of an FEL | |
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| Linear Theory of FELs | |
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| Parameters of FELs | |
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| Applications of FELs | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| Proof of the 3/2 Law for Nonrelativistic Diodes in the [rho]-Mode | |
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| Synthesis of Guns for M-Type TWTs and BWOs | |
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| Magnetic Field in Axially Symmetric Systems | |
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| Dispersion Characteristics of Interdigital and Comb Structures | |
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| Electromagnetic Field in Planar Uniform Slow-Wave Structures | |
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| Equations of Free Oscillations of Gyrotron Resonators | |
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| Derivation of Eqs. (10.66) and (10.67) | |
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| Calculation of Fourier Coefficients in Gyrotron Equations | |
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| Magnetic Systems of Gyrotrons | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |