| |
| |
| |
Some Introductory Comments | |
| |
| |
| |
The Simple Steam Power Plant | |
| |
| |
| |
Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle | |
| |
| |
| |
The Thermoelectric Refrigerator | |
| |
| |
| |
The Air Separation Plant | |
| |
| |
| |
The Gas Turbine | |
| |
| |
| |
The Chemical Rocket Engine | |
| |
| |
| |
Other Applications and Environmental Issues | |
| |
| |
| |
Some Concepts and Definitions | |
| |
| |
| |
A Thermodynamic System and the Control Volume | |
| |
| |
| |
Macroscopic Versus Microscopic Point of View | |
| |
| |
| |
Properties and State of a Substance | |
| |
| |
| |
Processes and Cycles | |
| |
| |
| |
Units for Mass, Length, Time, and Force | |
| |
| |
| |
Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
Specific Volume and Density | |
| |
| |
| |
Pressure | |
| |
| |
| |
Equality of Temperature | |
| |
| |
| |
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
Temperature Scales | |
| |
| |
| |
Engineering Appilication | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Properties of a Pure Substance | |
| |
| |
| |
The Pure Substance | |
| |
| |
| |
Vapor-Liquid-Solid-Phase Equilibrium in a Pure Substance | |
| |
| |
| |
Independent Properties of a Pure Substance | |
| |
| |
| |
Tables of Thermodynamic Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
Thermodynamic Surfaces | |
| |
| |
| |
The P-V-T Behavior of Low- and Moderate-Density Gases | |
| |
| |
| |
The Compressibility Factor | |
| |
| |
| |
Equations of State | |
| |
| |
| |
Computerized Tables | |
| |
| |
| |
Engineering Applications | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Work and Heat | |
| |
| |
| |
Definition of Work | |
| |
| |
| |
Units for Work | |
| |
| |
| |
Work Done at the Moving Boundary of a Simple Compressible System | |
| |
| |
| |
Other Systems that Involve Work | |
| |
| |
| |
Concluding Remarks Regarding Work | |
| |
| |
| |
Definition of Heat | |
| |
| |
| |
Heat Transfer Modes | |
| |
| |
| |
Comparison of Heat and Work | |
| |
| |
| |
Engineering Applications | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
The First Law of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Mass Undergoing a Cycle | |
| |
| |
| |
The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Change in State of a Control Mass | |
| |
| |
| |
Internal Energy-A Thermodynamic Property | |
| |
| |
| |
Problem Analysis and Solution Technique | |
| |
| |
| |
The Thermodynamic Property Enthalpy | |
| |
| |
| |
The Constant-Volume and Constant-Pressure Specific Heats | |
| |
| |
| |
The Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heat of Ideal Gases | |
| |
| |
| |
The First Law as a Rate Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
Conservation of Mass | |
| |
| |
| |
Engineering Applications | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
First-Law Analysis for a Control Volume | |
| |
| |
| |
Conservation of Mass and the Control Volume | |
| |
| |
| |
The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Volume | |
| |
| |
| |
The Steady-State Process | |
| |
| |
| |
Examples of Steady-State Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
The Transient Process | |
| |
| |
| |
Engineering Applications | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
The Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
Heat Engines and Refrigerators | |
| |
| |
| |
The Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
The Reversible Process | |
| |
| |
| |
Factors that Render Processes Irreversible | |
| |
| |
| |
The Carnot Cycle | |
| |
| |
| |
Two Propositions Regarding the Efficiency of a Carnot Cycle | |
| |
| |
| |
The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale | |
| |
| |
| |
The Ideal-Gas Temperature Scale | |
| |
| |
| |
Ideal versus Real Machines | |
| |
| |
Confirmation Pages | |
| |
| |
| |
Engineering Applications | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
Entropy | |
| |
| |
| |
The Inequality of Clausius | |
| |
| |
| |
Entropy-A Property of a System | |
| |
| |
| |
The Entropy of a Pure Substance | |
| |
| |
| |
Entropy Change in Reversible Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
The Thermodynamic Property Relation | |
| |
| |
| |
Entropy Change of a Solid or Liquid | |
| |
| |
| |
Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas | |
| |
| |
| |
The Reversible Polytropic Process for an Ideal Gas | |
| |
| |
| |
Entropy Change of | |