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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is Moral Thinking? | |
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| What Is Moral Theory? | |
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| Why Do We Need Moral Theory? | |
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| Is Morality All Relative? | |
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| What Should We Look For In A Moral Theory? | |
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| The Structure of This Book | |
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| Life and Death | |
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| Death and the meaning of life | |
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| Is Death Bad For The Person Who Dies? | |
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| Could Life Be Meaningless? | |
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| Hedonism: The Pleasure Principle | |
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| Higher Pleasures? | |
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| Aristotelianism: Meaning In Activity | |
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| Elitism | |
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| The Ozymandias Problem | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Questions For Discussion | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Which lives count? | |
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| Some Questions About Killing | |
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| A Strange Suggestion | |
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| Human Life as Sacred | |
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| Why Think That Human Life is Sacred? | |
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| The �Sanctity of Life� in Practical Debates | |
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| Criticisms of the Sanctity of Life | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Questions For Discussion | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| How much can morality require us to do for one another? | |
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| Global Poverty: A Radical View | |
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| Do Others Have a Right to Our Help? | |
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| The Limits of the Duty to Help? | |
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| The Radical's Response: Abolishing Duty and Charity | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Three Starting Points in Moral Theory | |
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| Utilitarianism | |
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| What Utilitarianism Is | |
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| Utilitarianism in Practice: Punishing and Promising | |
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| Some Further Problems - The Hard Life of a Utilitarian | |
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| Towards a Solution: Rule-Utilitarianism | |
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| Criticisms of Rule-Utilitarianism | |
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| Some Concluding Thoughts About the Nature of Happiness | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Kantian ethics | |
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| Human Dignity | |
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| What is Wrong with Treating a Person as a Mere Means? | |
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| How do We Know That We Are Free? | |
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| How to Respect Persons a Rational Agents | |
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| Does Kantian Ethics Leave Us Defenceless? | |
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| Moral Requirements as Requirements of Rationality | |
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| The Categorical Imperative | |
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| Universal Law | |
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| Criticisms of the Universal Law Procedure | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Note | |
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| Aristotelian virtue ethics | |
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| Motivations for Virtue Ethics | |
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| Virtue Ethics: Basic Ideas | |
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| The Human Function and the Good Human Being | |
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| The Doctrine of the Mean and the Rationality of the Passions | |
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| Virtue Ethics and Egoism | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Further Directions for Moral Thinking | |
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| Ethics and religion | |
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| Does Ethics Need Religion? | |
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| What Proof Do We Have of the Existence of God? | |
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| The Euthyphro Problem | |
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| Orthodoxy, Revelation and Interpretation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Morality as contract | |
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| Hobbes: Morality as Rational Self-Interest | |
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| Psychological Egoism | |
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| Hobbes and the Justification of Morality | |
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| The �Free-Rider� Problem | |
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| The Fair Play Social Contract Theory | |
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| Kantian Contractualism | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Notes | |
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| Critiques of morality | |
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| Marx on Morality | |
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| The Nietzschean Critique | |
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| What Should We Think of Marx and Nietzsche? | |
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| Morality and Projection | |
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| Can Morality Survive Critique? | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Questions for Discussion | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Note | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Glossary of terms | |
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| Index | |