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Boxes | |
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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience | |
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Pondering the Big Questions | |
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The Brain Story | |
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The Twentieth Century | |
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The Psychological Story | |
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Cognitive Neuroscience | |
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The Sudden Rise of Brain Imaging | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Thought Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cognition | |
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Cells of the Nervous System | |
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The structure of neurons | |
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The role of glial cells | |
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Neuronal Signaling | |
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Overview of neuronal communication | |
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Properties of the neuronal membrane and the membrane potential | |
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Electrical conduction in neurons | |
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Transmembrane proteins: Ion channels and pumps | |
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Synaptic Transmission | |
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Chemical transmission | |
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Electrical transmission | |
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Neurotransmitters | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Thought Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Gross and Functional Anatomy of Cognition | |
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Neuroanatomy | |
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Methods in neuroanatomy | |
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Gross and Functional Anatomy of the Nervous System | |
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Cerebral cortex | |
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Limbic system, basal ganglia, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and diencephalon | |
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Brainstem | |
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Cerebellum | |
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Spinal cord | |
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Autonomic nervous system | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Thought Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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The Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience | |
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What is Cognitive Psychology? | |
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Mental representations and transformations | |
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Characterizing mental operations | |
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Constraints on information processing | |
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Computer Modeling | |
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Models are explicit | |
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Representations in computer models | |
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Models lead to testable predictions | |
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Limitations with computer models | |
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Experimental Techniques Used with Animals | |
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Single-cell recording | |
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Lesions | |
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Genetic manipulations | |
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Neurology | |
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Structural imaging of neurological damage | |
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Causes of neurological disorders | |
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Functional neurosurgery | |
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Converging Methods | |
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Cognitive deficits following brain damage | |
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Virtual lesions: Transcranial magnetic stimulation | |
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Functional imaging | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Thought Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Perception and Encoding | |
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Disorders of Perception: A Case Study | |
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Overview of Neural Pathways | |
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The eye, retina, and receptors | |
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From the eye to the central nervous system | |
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Parallel Processing in the Visual System | |
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Organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus | |
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Multiple pathways in the visual cortex | |
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Cortical Visual Areas | |
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Cellular correlates of visual features | |
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Imaging visual areas in humans | |
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Analysis and representation of visual features | |
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Deficits in Feature Perception | |
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Deficits in color perception: Achromatopsia | |
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Deficits in motion perception: Akinetopsia | |
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Deficits in other aspects of visual perception | |
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Independent or Convergent Pathways | |
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Dissociations of Cortical and Subcortical Visual Pathways | |
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Spatial orientation and object perception in the hamster | |
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Blindsight: Evidence of residual visual function following cortical blindness | |
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Functions of the retino-collicular pathway in humans | |
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Auditory Perception | |
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Overview of the auditory pathways | |
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Computational goals in audition | |
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Concurrent processing for sound localization | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Thought Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Higher Perceptual Functions | |
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Agnosia: A Case Study | |
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Two Cortical Pathways for Visual Perception | |
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Representational differences between the dorsal and ventral pathways | |
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Perception for identification versus perception for action | |
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Computational Problems in Object Recognition | |
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Variability in sensory information | |
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View-dependent or view-invariant recognition? | |
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Shape encoding | |
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Grandmother cells and ensemble coding | |
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Summary of computational issues | |
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Failures of Object Recognition | |
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Subtypes of agnosia | |
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Integrating parts into wholes | |
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Category specificity in agnosia | |
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Computational account of category-specific deficits | |
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Prosopagnosia | |
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Are faces special? | |
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Neural mechanisms for face perception | |
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Dissociations of face and object perception | |
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Two systems for object recognition | |
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The Relationship Between Visual Perception, Imagery, and Memory | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Thought Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Selective Attention and Orienting | |
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Theoretical Models of Attention | |
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The cocktail party effect | |
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Early- versus late-selection theories | |
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Quantifying attention in perception | |
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Neural Systems in Attention and Selective Perception | |
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Neurophysiology of human attention | |
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Animal studies of attentional mechanisms | |
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Neurology and Neuropsychology of Attention | |
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Extinction and neglect | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Thought Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Learning and Memory | |
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Theories of Memory | |
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Sensory and short-term memory mechanisms | |
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Models of short-term memory | |
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Models of long-term memory | |
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Summary of theories of memory | |
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Memory and Brain | |
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Human memory, brain damage, and amnesia | |
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Summary of amnesia and long-term memory systems | |
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Animal models of memory | |
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Imaging the human brain and memory | |
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Cellular Bases of Learning and Memory | |
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Long-term potentiation and the hippocampus | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Thought Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Language and the Brain | |
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Theories of Language | |
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The storage of words and concepts: The mental lexicon | |
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Perceptual analyses of the linguistic input | |
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The recognition of words | |
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Integration of words in sentences | |
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Speech production | |
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Neuropsychology of Language and Language Disorders | |
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Aphasia | |
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Neurophysiology of Language | |
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Functional neuroimaging of language | |
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Electrophysiology of language | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Thought Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Cerebral Lateralization and Specialization | |
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Dividing the Mind | |
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Principles of Cerebral Organization | |
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Anatomical correlates of hemispheric specialization | |
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Microanatomical investigations of anatomical asymmetries | |
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How the Two Hemispheres Communicate | |
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Cortical disconnection | |
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Functional consequences of the split-brain procedure | |
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Specificity of callosal function | |
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Hemispheric Specialization | |
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Language and speech | |
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Visuospatial processing | |
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Attention and perception | |
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Converging Evidence of Hemispheric Specialization | |
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Functional asymmetries in patients with unilateral cortical lesions | |
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Functional asymmetries in the normal brain | |
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What Is Lateralized? | |
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Asymmetries in perceptual representations | |
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Asymmetries in representing spatial relations | |
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Recent theoretical developments concerning hemispheric specialization | |
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Variations in Hemispheric Specialization | |
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The relation between handedness and left-hemisphere language dominance | |
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Hemispheric specialization in nonhumans | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Thought Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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The Control of Action | |
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Motor Structures | |
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Muscles, motor neurons, and the spinal cord | |
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Subcortical motor structures | |
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Cortical regions involved in motor control | |
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The organization of motor areas | |
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Computational Issues in Motor Control | |
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Peripheral control of movement and the role of feedback | |
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The representation of movement plans | |
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Physiological Analysis of Motor Pathways | |
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The neural representation of movement | |
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Comparison of Motor Planning and Execution | |
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Internal versus external guidance of movement | |
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Shift in cortical control with learning | |
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Functional Analysis of the Motor System and Movement Disorders | |
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Cortical areas | |
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Subcortical areas: The cerebellum and basal ganglia | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Thought Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Executive Functions and Frontal Lobes | |
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Subdivisions of the Frontal Lobes | |
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The Lateral Prefrontal Cortex and Working Memory | |
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Distinguishing between stored knowledge and activated information | |
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Working memory versus associative memory | |
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The Prefrontal Cortex Participates in Other Memory Domains | |
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The frontal lobes and the temporal organization of memory | |
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Source memory | |
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Component Analysis of Prefrontal Cortex | |
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Content-based accounts of functional specialization within lateral prefrontal function | |
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Process-based accounts of functional specialization within lateral prefrontal function | |
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The selection of task-relevant information | |
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Goal-Oriented Behavior | |
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Planning and selecting an action | |
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The anterior cingulate as a monitoring system | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Thought Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Emotion | |
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Issues in the Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion | |
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Defining emotion | |
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Manipulating and measuring emotion | |
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Emotion and cognition | |
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Neural Systems in Emotional Processing | |
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Early concepts: The limbic system | |
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Orbitofrontal cortex | |
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Amygdala | |
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Laterality | |
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Emotional communication | |
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Affective style | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Thought Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Evolutionary Perspectives | |
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Evolution of the Brain | |
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The historical underpinning of contemporary evolutionary neurobiology | |
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Modern evolutionary neurobiology: Assumptions and aims | |
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First Principles | |
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Evolutionary mechanisms | |
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The Comparative Approach | |
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The scale of nature revisited | |
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Adaptation and the Brain | |
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Adaptations at multiple brain levels | |
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Sexual selection and evolutionary pressures on behavior | |
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Sexual abilities and spatial abilities | |
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Evolution and physiology | |
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Adaptive specializations and learning mechanisms | |
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Evolutionary Insights into Human Brain Organization | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Thought Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Development and Plasticity | |
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The Shaping of the Brain | |
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Perceptual and Cognitive Development | |
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A classic theory of cognitive development | |
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Development of visual cognition--Object recognition | |
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Development of the human attention system | |
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Language acquisition during development | |
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Summary of cognitive development | |
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Development of the Nervous System | |
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Overview of gross development | |
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Genesis of the cerebral cortex | |
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Birth of new neurons throughout life | |
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Postnatal brain development | |
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Summary of cortical development | |
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Plasticity in the Nervous System | |
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Plasticity in the normal adult brain | |
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Reorganization in human cortex | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Thought Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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The Problem of Consciousness | |
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Philosophical Perspectives | |
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Conscious Versus Unconscious Processing | |
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The extent of subconscious processing | |
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Gaining access to consciousness | |
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Neurons, Neuronal Groups, and Conscious Experience | |
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The Emergence of the Brain Interpreter in the Human Species | |
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Is consciousness a uniquely human experience? | |
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Left- and right-hemisphere consciousness | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Thought Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Glossary | |
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References | |
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Acknowledgments and Credits | |
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Index | |