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| About the Authors | |
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| Preface | |
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| Global Change | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Global Change on Short Time Scales | |
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| A Closer Look: Are Hurricanes Getting Stronger with Time? | |
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| A Closer Look: The Discovery of the Antarctic Ozone Hole | |
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| Global Change on Long Time Scales | |
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| Daisyworld: An Introduction to Systems | |
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| The Systems Approach | |
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| Thinking Quantitatively: Stability of Positive Feedback Loops | |
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| The Daisyworld Climate System | |
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| Useful Concepts: Graphs and Graph Making | |
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| External Forcing: The Response of Daisyworld to Increasing Solar Luminosity | |
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| Global Energy Balance: The Greenhouse Effect | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Electromagnetic Radiation | |
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| Temperature Scales | |
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| Blackbody Radiation | |
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| Planetary Energy Balance | |
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| A Closer Look: Planetary Energy Balance | |
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| Atmospheric Composition and Structure | |
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| Thinking Quantitatively: How the Greenhouse Effect Works: The One-Layer Atmosphere | |
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| Physical Causes of the Greenhouse Effect | |
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| Effect of Clouds on the Atmospheric Radiation Budget | |
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| Introduction to Climate Modeling | |
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| Climate Feedbacks | |
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| The Atmospheric Circulation System | |
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| The Global Circulatory Subsystems | |
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| The Atmospheric Circulation | |
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| A Closer Look: The Relationships between Temperature, Pressure, and Volumes-The Ideal Gas Law | |
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| A Closer Look: How Hurricanes (Tropical Cyclones) Work | |
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| Global Distributions of Temperature and Rainfall | |
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| The Circulation of the Oceans | |
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| Winds and Surface Currents | |
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| A Closer Look: Vorticity | |
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| A Closer Look: The 1982-1983 and 1997-1998 ENSO Events | |
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| The Circulation of the Deep Ocean | |
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| A Closer Look: The Salt Content of the Oceans and the Age of Earth | |
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| Useful Concepts: Isotopes and Their Uses | |
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| A Closer Look: Carbon-14-A Radioactive Clock | |
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| The Cryosphere | |
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| Introduction | |
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| River and Lake Ice, Seasonal Snow Cover, and Permafrost | |
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| Glaciers and Ice Sheets | |
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| Thinking Quantitatively: Movement of Glaciers | |
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| Sea Ice and Climate | |
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| Circulation of the Solid Earth: Plate Tectonics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Anatomy of Earth | |
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| A Closer Look: The Principle of the Seismograph | |
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| The Theory of Plate Tectonics | |
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| Plates and Plate Boundaries | |
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| A Closer Look: Deep-Sea Life at Mid-Ocean Ridge Vents | |
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| The Physiology of the Solid Earth: What Drives Plate Tectonics? | |
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| A Closer Look: Radiometric Age Dating of Geological Materials | |
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| Recycling of the Lithosphere: The Rock Cycle | |
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| Plate Tectonics through Earth History | |
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| Recycling of the Elements: Carbon and Nutrient Cycles | |
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| Systems Approach to the Carbon Cycle | |
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| Useful Concepts: The Concept of the Mole | |
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| The Short-Term Organic Carbon Cycle | |
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| A Closer Look: Oxygen Minimum Zone | |
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| The Long-Term Organic Carbon Cycle | |
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| The Inorganic Carbon Cycle | |
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| Useful Concepts: pH | |
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| The Carbonate-Silicate Geochemical Cycle | |
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| A Closer Look: Biological Enhancement of Chemical Weathering | |
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| Links between the Organic and Inoganic Carbon Cycle | |
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| Phosphorus and Nitrogen Cycles | |
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| Focus on the Biota: Metabolism, Ecosystems, and Biodiversity | |
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| Life on Earth | |
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| Structure of the Biosphere | |
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| Ecosystems | |
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| A Closer Look: Physiological versus Ecological Optima for Growth | |
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| Biodiversity | |
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| Diversity of Interactions | |
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| Origin of Earth and of Life | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Closer Look: Determining the Age of Earth | |
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| Formation of the Solar System | |
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| A Closer Look: Main-Sequence Stars and the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram | |
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| Formation of the Atmosphere and Ocean | |
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| A Closer Look: The Nice Model of Solar System Formation | |
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| The Origin of Life | |
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| A Closer Look: Oxidation of the Atmosphere by Escape of Hydrogen | |
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| A Closer Look: Probiotic O2 Concentrations | |
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| A Closer Look: What Does It Mean to Be Alive? | |
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| A Closer Look: The Compounds of Life | |
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| Effect of Life on the Atmosphere: The Rise of Oxygen and Ozone | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Effect of Life on the Early Atmosphere | |
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| The Rise of Oxygen | |
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| Useful Concepts: Oxidations States of Iron | |
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| A Closer Look: Mass-Independent Sulfur Isotope Ratios and What They Tell US about the Rise of Atmospheric O2 | |
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| The Rise of Ozone | |
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| Variations in Atmospheric O2 Over the Last 2 Billion Years | |
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| Thinking Quantitatively: Carbon Isotopes and Organic Carbon Burial | |
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| Modern Controls on Atmospheric O2 | |
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| Long-Term Climate Regulation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Faint Young Sun Paradox Revisited | |
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| The Long-Term Climate Record | |
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| Thinking Quantitatively: Energy Balance Modeling of the Snowball Earth | |
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| A Closer Look: How Did Life Survive the Snowball Earth? | |
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| Variations in Atmospheric CO2 and Climate During the Phanerozoic | |
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| Biodiversity through Earth History | |
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| The Fossil Record of Biodiversity | |
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| Useful Concepts: Taxonomy | |
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| The Creataceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction | |
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| A Closer Look: The K-T Strangelove Ocean | |
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| Extraterrestrial Influences and Extinction | |
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| Pleistocene Glaciations | |
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| Geologic Evidence of Pleistocene Glaciation | |
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| Milankovitch Cycles | |
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| Thinking Quantitatively: Kepler's Laws | |
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| Thinking Quantitatively: Effect of the Sun and Moon on Earth's Obliquity and Precession | |
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| Glacial Climate Feedbacks | |
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| A Closer Look: Stochastic Resonance and Rapid Climate Change | |
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| Global Warming, Part 1: Recent and Future Climate | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Holocene Climate Change | |
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| Carbon Reservoirs and Fluxes | |
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| CO2 Removal Processes and Time Scales | |
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| A Closer Look: The Chemistry of CO2 Uptake | |
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| Projections of Future Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations and Climate | |
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| A Closer Look: Three-Dimensional General Circulation Models (GCMs) | |
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| A Closer Look: Long-Term CO2 Projections | |
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| Global Warming, Part 2: Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Changes in Sea Level | |
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| Effects on Ecosystems | |
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| Human Impacts of Global Warming | |
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| Adapting to Global Warming | |
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| Policies to Slow Global Warming | |
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| Economic Consequences of Global Warming | |
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| Oxone Depletion | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Ultraviolet Radiation and Its Biological Effects | |
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| Ozone Vertical Distribution and Column Depth | |
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| The Chapman Mechanism | |
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| Catalytic Cycles of Nitrogen, Chlorine, and Bromine | |
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| Sources and Sinks of Ozone-Depleting Compounds | |
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| The Antarctic Ozone Hole | |
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| A Closer Look: How the Link between Freons and Ozone Depletion Was Discovered | |
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| Evidence of Midlatitude Ozone Depletion | |
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| Mechanisms for Halting Ozone Depltion | |
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| Human Threats to Biodiversity | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Modern Extinction | |
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| A Closer Look: Other Consequences of Tropical Deforestation | |
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| Why We Should Care about Biodiversity | |
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| Climate Stability on Earth and Earthlike Planets | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Climate Evolution in the Distant Future | |
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| Climate Evolution on Venus and Mars | |
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| A Closer Look: A Geoengineering Solution to Earth's Future Climate Problems | |
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| Habitable Planets around Other Stars | |
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| The Drake Equation | |
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| Ensuring Our Long-Term Survival | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |