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| Islam in Historical Perspective, 1st Edition | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What is Islam? | |
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| Multiplicity of Approaches to the Study of Islam | |
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| Islam as an Object of Interpretation and Source of Meaning | |
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| Arabia: The Cradle of Islam | |
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| Geography | |
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| The Arabs | |
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| Mecca: A Center of Arabian Trade | |
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| Bedouin Lifestyle | |
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| Social Structures | |
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| Raiding and Warfare | |
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| Mecca, the Center of Pagan Religion | |
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| Other Religious Communities of Arabia | |
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| Conclusions and Food for Thought | |
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| Muhammad and the Beginnings of Islam: The Making of the Muslim Community | |
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| Muhammad's Background and Early Life | |
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| The First Revelations | |
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| Muhammad's Public Preaching and Opposition to It | |
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| Migration (hijra)and the Formation of the Islamic umma | |
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| Muhammad as Political and Religious Leader and Private Individual | |
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| The Battle of Uhud | |
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| The Battle of the Ditch | |
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| Muhammad and the Bedouin Tribes of Arabia | |
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| The Conquest of Mecca and Beyond | |
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| Conclusion and Questions to Ponder On | |
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| After Muhammad: The Rightly-Guided Caliphs and the Arab Conquests | |
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| The Arab Conquests Under 'Umar | |
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| The Conquest of Syria and Palestine | |
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| The Conquest of Iraq | |
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| The Conquest of Egypt | |
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| The Death of 'Umar and the Succession of 'Uthman | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Murder of 'Uthman, thefitna | |
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| Wars, and the Rise and Consolidation of the Umayyad Dynasty | |
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| "Orthodoxy" and "Heresy" in Early Islam: Who's "Right" and Who's "Wrong"? | |
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| The Election of 'Uthman | |
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| Grievances Against 'Uthman | |
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| The Accession of 'Ali and the Battle of the Camel | |
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| The Contest Between 'Ali and Mu'awiyya | |
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| The Battle of Siffin | |
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| The Kharijites | |
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| The Last Years of 'Ali's Caliphate | |
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| Mu'awiyya Becomes Caliph | |
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| Death of Mu'awiyya, the Accession of Yazid, and the Tragedy at Kerbela | |
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| The Caliphate of 'Abdallah b. al-Zubayr | |
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| The Rebellion of al- Mukhtar | |
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| The End of 'Abdallah b. al-Zubayr's Caliphate and the Triumph of the Marwanids | |
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| The Consolidation of Umayyad Power Under 'Abd al-Malik and His Successors | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| The Principal Sources of Islam: The Qur'an | |
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| The Qur'an as Revelation and Sacred Book | |
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| The Name and Structure | |
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| The Language of the Qur'an | |
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| The Collection of the Qur'an | |
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| The Central Themes of the Qur'an: God | |
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| The Judgment Day, Paradise and Hell | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Prophetic | |
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| Hadith and Sunna and the Emergence of the Shari'a | |
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| Hadith as the Muslim Gospel? | |
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| The Importance of Hadith | |
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| The Types of Hadith | |
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| The Science of Hadith | |
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| The Collection and Writing Down of Hadith | |
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| The Six Sunni Hadith | |
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| Collections | |
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| The Shi'ite Hadith | |
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| Hadith Qudsi | |
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| The Emergence of the Shari'a | |
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| The First Divisions Within the Community and the Problem of the Just Ruler | |
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| Opposition to the Umayyads | |
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| The Rise of the Mawali | |
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| The Kharijites | |
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| 'Ali's Party | |
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| The Uneasy Loyalists | |
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| Some Early Theological Concepts | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| The 'Abbasid Revolution and Beyond | |
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| The Ideological Underpinnings | |
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| The Sources of Discontent | |
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| The Turn of the Wheel: The 'Abbasid Propaganda and the Beginning of the Third Fitna | |
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| The Triumph of the 'Abbasid Cause | |
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| The Consolidation of 'Abbasid Power | |
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| The Re-Articulation of the Doctrine of the Imamate | |
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| The 'Abbasid Empire at Its Prime | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Islamic Scholarship under the 'Abbasids: The Rise and Development of the Schools of Law | |
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| General Introduction | |
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| Major Stages of the Evolution of Islamic Legal Thought | |
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| The Qur'anic Roots of Islamic Law | |
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| Qur'anic Legislation Pertaining to Marriage, Divorce and Inheritance | |
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| Qur'anic Punishments of Homicide | |
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| Fiqh, the Fuqaha', Muftis and Judges | |
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| The Abrogation Theory | |
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| The Qur'anic Injunctions that are Not in the Qur'an | |
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| The Formation of the Regional Schools of Law | |
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| Muhammad al-Shafi'i and the Crystallization of Islamic Legal Theory | |
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| The Four Roots of Islamic Jurisprudence | |
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| Later Developments | |
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| Parallel Systems of Justice Under the 'Abbasids | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Islamic Scholarship Under the 'Abbasids: Theological Debates and Schools of Thought | |
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| The Qur'an as the Foundation of Islamic Faith and Cult and an Object of Disputation | |
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| The Beginnings of Theological Reasoning In Islam | |
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| Divine Predestination Versus Human Free Will | |
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| The Emergence of Mu'tazilism | |
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| The Adherents of Hadith and Their Teachings | |
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| Ibn Hanbal and the Inquisition | |
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| The Theological "Middle Way": Ash'arism | |
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| Ash'arism, Maturidism and the Hadith Party | |
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| Issues to Ponder On | |
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| Twelver Shi'ism | |
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| The Crystallization of the Shi'ite Creed in Opposition to Sunnism | |
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| The Divergence of Sunni and Shi'ite Visions of Islam | |
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| The Vicissitudes of the Shi'ite Imamate Under the 'Abbasids | |
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| The Shi'ite Community in the Absence of a Divinely Ordained Guide | |
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| The Political and Social Aspects of the Doctrine of Occultation | |
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| The "Shi'ite Century" (945-1055): Political and Social Aspects | |
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| The Blossom of Shi'ite Theology and Jurisprudence | |
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| Shi'ite Attitudes Toward the Scripture | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Questions to Ponder On | |
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| Shi'ism as a Revolutionary Movement: The Fatimids, the Qarmatis, the Nizaris and the Zaydis | |
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| Who are the Isma'ilis | |
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| The Rise and Spread of Revolutionary Isma'ilism | |
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| The Teaching and the Mission | |
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| The Rise of 'Abdallah ('Ubaydallah) the Mahdiand the Qarmati-Fatimid Split | |
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| The Rise of the Fatimids | |
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| The Conquest of Egypt and the Expansion of Fatimid Power | |
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| Another Split: al-Hakim and the Druzes | |
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| The Crisis Over al-Mustansir's Succession and the Rise of the Nizari Community | |
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| The Hafizi-Tayybi Split and the Collapse of the Fatimid Caliphate | |
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| The Qarmati Revolt and the Rise and Fall of the Qarmati State in Bahrain | |
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| Zaydi Shi'ism | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Ascetic and Mystical Movements: Origins, Teachings and Practices | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Name and Beginnings | |
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| Basic Assumptions and Goals | |
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| The Founding Fathers: al-Hasan al-Basri and His Followers | |
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| Some Regional Manifestations | |
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| The Formation of the Baghdadi Tradition | |
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| The Systematization of the Sufi Tradition | |
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| The Maturity of Sufi Tradition: al-Ghazali the Conciliator | |
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| Sufi Literature | |
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| Sufism as Metaphysics: The Impact of Ibn 'Arabi | |
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| Some Intellectual and Practical Trends in Later Sufism | |
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| The Institutional and Social Aspects of Later Sufism | |
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| The Rise and Spread of Sufi Brotherhoods | |
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| Sufism and the Cult of Saints | |
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| Sufi Institutions in Regional Contexts | |
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| Sufism Today | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| Intellectual Struggles in Pre-Modern Islam: Philosophy versus Theology | |
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| Falsafa as a Rational Discipline | |
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| Falsafa and Kalam | |
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| Falsafa as an Elaboration of Neo-Platonic Doctrines | |
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| The Beginnings of Falsafa | |
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| Al-Kindi, the Philosopher of the Arabs | |
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| Abu Bark al-Razi, the Physician and Freethinker | |
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| Al-Farabi, the Second Philosopher | |
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| Ibn Sina (Avicenna) | |
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| Al-Ghazali, "The Proof of Islam" | |
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| Ibn Rushd (Averroes), the Commentator | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Issues to Ponder On | |
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| Transmission and Conservation of Knowledge: 'ulama', madrasas and Sufi Lodges | |
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| The Status, Venues and Bearers of Learning in Muslim Societies | |
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| Elementary Education: The Kuttab | |
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| The Muslim College: Madrasa | |
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| Sufi Lodges | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| The Basic Beliefs and Practices of Islam | |
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| Islamic Life-Cycle | |
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| the Five Pillars | |
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| Visit to the Prophet's Tomb at Medina | |
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| How Religion Shapes the Lives of Individual Muslims | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Issues to Ponder On | |
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| Islamic Art and Religious Architecture (Mosque) | |
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| The Qur'an as the Focus of Devotion and Means of Worship | |
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| Scriptural Evidence Against Figural Arts | |
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| How Did Artists Respond to the Restrictions | |
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| The Mosque: Architectural and Devotional Aspects | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Food for Thought | |
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| The Status of Women In Islam | |
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| The Controversial Topic | |
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| Women in the Qur'an | |
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| Women in Hadith and Jurisprudence | |
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| Theorizing the Muslim Woman | |
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| Conclusion and a Question | |
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| Islam and the West | |
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| The Arab Conquest of Christian Lands | |
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| God's Wars: The Crusades and the Muslim Response | |
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| The Legacy of the Crusades | |
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| The Founder of Islam and His Image through the Christian Looking Glass | |
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| The Scandinavian Caricatures in Historical Perspective | |
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| The Curious (and Inexplicable) Rise of the West | |
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| The World of Islam vis-Ã -vis Modernity | |
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| The Gunpowder Empires | |
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| Napoleon's Conquest of Egypt and the Beginning of the Colonial Era | |
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| The Phenomenon of Modernity and Its Impact on the Muslim World | |
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| European Colonial Domination and Muslim Responses | |
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| Renewal and Reform in Islam | |
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| The Concept of Renewal and Reform of Islam | |
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| The Conservative Reform of Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Wahhab (d. 1792) | |
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| The Founding Fathers of Islamic Reform Movement | |
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| The Cornerstones of Islamic Reform | |
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| The Evolution of the Salafi Movement | |
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| Islam and Political Action | |
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| Islam as Vehicle of Opposition and Armed Resistance | |
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| The Rise of Political Islam: al-Hasan al-Banna | |
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| The Radical Program of Sayyid Qutb | |
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| The Muslim Brotherhood | |
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| Mawdudi's Jama'at-i Islami | |
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| Egypt Under Sadat and Mubarak (1970-1991) and the Proliferation of Radical Islamic Groups | |
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| The Conspiratorial Outlook and Social Roots of Radicalism under Islamic Banners | |
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| Jihad in Afghanistan and Palestine and the Rise of Usama bin Ladin, al-Qa'ida and Global Jihad | |
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| Conclusion: Whither Islam? | |