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| Preface | |
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| Catalysts for Change | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Milestones in Computing | |
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| Mechanical Adding Machines | |
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| The Analytical Engine | |
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| Boolean Algebra | |
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| Zuse's Z Series | |
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| Harvard Mark 1 | |
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| Colossus | |
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| The Atanasoff-Berry Computer | |
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| ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) | |
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| Small-Scale Experimental Machine | |
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| First Commerical Computers | |
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| Transistor | |
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| Integrated Circuit | |
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| IBM System/360 | |
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| Microprocessor | |
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| Milestones in Networking | |
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| Electricity and Electromagnetism | |
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| Telegraph | |
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| Telephone | |
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| Typewriter and Teletype | |
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| Radio | |
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| Television | |
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| Remote Computing | |
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| ARPANET | |
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| Email | |
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| Internet | |
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| NSFNET | |
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| Broadband | |
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| Milestones in Information Storage and Retrieval | |
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| Codex | |
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| Gutenberg's Printing Press | |
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| Newspapers | |
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| Hypertext | |
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| Personal Computers | |
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| Single-Computer Hypertext Systems | |
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| Networked Hypertext: World Wide Web | |
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| Search Engines | |
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| Information Technology Issues | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| In-Class Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| An Interview with Douglas Engelbart | |
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| Introduction to Ethics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Defining Terms | |
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| Four Scenarios | |
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| Overview of Ethical Theories | |
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| Subjective Relativism | |
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| The Case for Subjective Relativism | |
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| The Case against Subjective Relativism | |
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| Cultural Relativism | |
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| The Case for Cultural Relativism | |
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| The Case against Cultural Relativism | |
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| Divine Command Theory | |
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| The Case for the Divine Command Theory | |
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| The Case against the Divine Command Theory | |
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| Kantianism | |
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| Good Will and the Categorical Imperative | |
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| Evaluating a Scenario Using Kantianism | |
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| The Case for Kantianism | |
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| The Case against Kantianism | |
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| Act Utilitarianism | |
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| Principle of Utility | |
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| Evaluating a Scenario Using Act Utilitarianism | |
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| The Case for Act Utilitarianism | |
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| The Case against Act Utilitarianism | |
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| Rule Utilitarianism | |
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| Basis of Rule Utilitarianism | |
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| Evaluating a Scenario Using Rule Utilitarianism | |
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| The Case for Rule Utilitarianism | |
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| The Case against Utilitarianism in General | |
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| Social Contract Theory | |
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| The Social Contract | |
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| Rawls's Theory of Justice | |
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| Evaluating a Scenario Using Social Contract Theory | |
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| The Case for Social Contract Theory | |
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| The Case against Social Contract Theory | |
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| Comparing Workable Ethical Theories | |
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| Morality of Breaking the Law | |
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| Social Contract Theory Perspective | |
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| Kantian Perspective | |
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| Rule Utilitarian Perspective | |
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| Act Utilitarian Perspective | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| In-Class Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| An Interview with James Moor | |
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| Networking | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Email and Spam | |
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| How Email Works | |
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| The Spam Epidemic | |
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| Ethical Evaluations of Spamming | |
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| Fighting Spam | |
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| Mail Abuse Prevention System | |
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| Ethical Evaluations of Blacklisting by MAPS | |
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| Proposed Solutions to the Spam Epidemic | |
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| CAN SPAM Act of 2003 | |
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| Emergence of "Spim" | |
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| The World Wide Web | |
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| Attributes of the Web | |
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| How We Use the Web | |
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| Too Much Control or Too Little? | |
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| Ethical Perspectives on Pornography | |
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| Analyses Concluding Pornography Is Immoral | |
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| Analyses Concluding Adult Pornography Is Moral | |
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| Commentary | |
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| Summary | |
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| Censorship | |
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| Direct Censorship | |
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| Self-Censorship | |
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| Challenges Posed by the Internet | |
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| Ethical Perspectives on Censorship | |
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| Freedom of Expression | |
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| History | |
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| Freedom of Expression Not an Absolute Right | |
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| FCC v. Pacifica Foundation et al. | |
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| Children and the Web | |
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| Web Filters | |
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| Child Internet Protection Act | |
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| Ethical Evaluations of CIPA | |
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| Breaking Trust on the Internet | |
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| Identity Theft | |
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| Chat-Room Predators | |
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| Ethical Evaluations of Police "Sting" Operations | |
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| False Information | |
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| Internet Addiction | |
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| Is Internet Addiction Real? | |
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| Contributing Factors | |
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| Ethical Evaluation of Internet Addiction | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| In-Class Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| An Interview with Jennifer Preece | |
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| Intellectual Property | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Intellectual Property Rights | |
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| What Is Intellectual Property? | |
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| Property Rights | |
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| Extending the Argument to Intellectual Property | |
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| Benefits of Intellectual Property Protection | |
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| Limits to Intellectual Property Protection | |
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| Protecting Intellectual Property | |
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| Trade Secrets | |
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| Trademarks and Service Marks | |
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| Patents | |
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| Copyrights | |
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| Fair Use | |
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| Sony v. Universal City Studios | |
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| RIAA v. Diamond Multimedia Systems Inc. | |
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| Digital Technology and Fair Use | |
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| New Restrictions on Use | |
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| Digital Millennium Copyright Act | |
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| Digital Rights Management | |
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| Secure Digital Music Initiative | |
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| Encrypting DVDs | |
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| Making CDs Copyproof | |
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| Criticisms of Digital Rights Management | |
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| Peer-to-Peer Networks | |
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| Napster | |
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| FastTrack | |
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| BitTorrent | |
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| RIAA Lawsuits | |
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| MP3 Spoofing | |
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| Universities Caught in the Middle | |
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| MGM v. Grokster | |
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| Legal Music Services on the Internet | |
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| Protections for Software | |
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| Software Copyrights | |
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| Violations of Software Copyrights | |
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| Software Patents | |
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| Safe Software Development | |
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| Open-Source Software | |
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| Consequences of Proprietary Software | |
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| Open-Source Definition | |
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| Beneficial Consequences of Open-Source Software | |
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| Examples of Open-Source Software | |
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| The GNU Project and Linux | |
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| Impact of Open-Source Software | |
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| Critique of the Open-Source Software Movement | |
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| Legitimacy of Intellectual Property Protection for Software | |
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| Rights-Based Analysis | |
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| Utilitarian Analysis | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Creative Commons | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| In-Class Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| An Interview with Wendy Seltzer | |
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| Privacy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Perspectives on Privacy | |
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| Defining Privacy | |
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| Harms and Benefits of Privacy | |
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| Is There a Natural Right to Privacy? | |
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| Privacy and Trust | |
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| Disclosing Information | |
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| Public Information | |
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| Rewards or Loyalty Programs | |
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| Body Scanners | |
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| Digital Video Recorders | |
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| Automobile "Black Boxes" | |
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| Enhanced 911 Service | |
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| RFIDs | |
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| Implanted Chips | |
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| Cookies | |
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| Spyware | |
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| U.S. Legislation | |
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| Fair Credit Reporting Act | |
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| The Family Education Rights and Privacy Act | |
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| Video Privacy Protection Act | |
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| Financial Services Modernization Act | |
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| Children's Online Privacy Protection Act | |
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| Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act | |
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| Public Records | |
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| Census Records | |
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| Internal Revenue Service Records | |
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| FBI National Crime Information Center 2000 | |
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| Privacy Act of 1974 | |
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| Covert Government Surveillance | |
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| Wiretaps and Bugs | |
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| Operation Shamrock | |
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| U.S. Legislation Authorizing Wiretapping | |
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| Title III | |
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| Electronic Communications Privacy Act | |
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| Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act | |
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| USA PATRIOT Act | |
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| Data Mining | |
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| Marketplace: Households | |
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| IRS Audits | |
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| Syndromic Surveillance System | |
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| Total Information Awareness | |
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| Criticisms of the TIA Program | |
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| Who Should Own Information about a Transaction? | |
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| Opt-in Versus Opt-out | |
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| Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P) | |
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| Identity Theft | |
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| Background | |
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| History and Role of the Social Security Number | |
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| Debate over a National ID Card | |
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| The REAL ID Act | |
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| Encryption | |
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| Symmetric Encryption | |
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| Public-Key Cryptography | |
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| Pretty Good Privacy | |
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| Clipper Chip | |
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| Effects of U.S. Export Restrictions | |
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| Digital Cash | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| In-class Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| An Interview with Ann Cavoukian | |
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| Computer and Network Security | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses | |
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| Viruses | |
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| Worms | |
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| The Internet Worm | |
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| Trojan Horses | |
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| Defensive Measures | |
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| Phreaks and Hackers | |
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| Hackers | |
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| Phone Phreaking | |
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| The Cuckoo's Egg | |
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| Legion of Doom | |
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| Fry Guy | |
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| U.S. v. Riggs | |
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| Steve Jackson Games | |
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| Retrospective | |
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| Penalties for Hacking | |
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| Recent Incidents | |
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| Denial-of-Service Attacks | |
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| Attacks that Consume Scarce Resources | |
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| Defensive Measures | |
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| Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks | |
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| SATAN | |
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| Online Voting | |
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| Motivation for Online Voting | |
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| Proposals | |
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| Ethical Evaluation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| In-Class Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| An Interview with Matt Bishop | |
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| Computer Reliability | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Data-Entry or Data-Retrieval Errors | |
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| Disfranchised Voters | |
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| False Arrests | |
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| Analysis: Accuracy of NCIC Records | |
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| Software and Billing Errors | |
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| Errors Leading to System Malfunctions | |
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| Errors Leading to System Failures | |
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| Analysis: E-Retailer Posts Wrong Price, Refuses to Deliver | |
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| Notable Software System Failures | |
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| Patriot Missile | |
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| Ariane 5 | |
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| AT&T Long-Distance Network | |
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| Robot Missions to Mars | |
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| Denver International Airport | |
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| Therac-25 | |
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| Genesis of the Therac-25 | |
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| Chronology of Accidents and AECL Responses | |
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| Software Errors | |
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| Post Mortem | |
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| Moral Responsibility of the Therac-25 Team | |
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| Computer Simulations | |
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| Uses of Simulation | |
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| Validating Simulations | |
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| Software Engineering | |
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| Specification | |
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| Development | |
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| Validation | |
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| Software Quality Is Improving | |
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| Software Warranties | |
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| Shrinkwrap Warranties | |
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| Are Software Warranties Enforceable? | |
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| Uniform Computer Information Transaction Act | |
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| Moral Responsibility of Software Manufacturers | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| In-class Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| Work and Wealth | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Automation and Unemployment | |
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| Automation and Job Destruction | |
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| Automation and Job Creation | |
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| Effects of Increase in Productivity | |
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| Rise of the Robots? | |
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| Workplace Changes | |
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| Organizational Changes | |
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| Telework | |
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| Temporary Work | |
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| Monitoring | |
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| Multinational Teams | |
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| Globalization | |
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| Arguments for Globalization | |
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| Arguments against Globalization | |
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| Dot-Com Bust Increases IT Sector Unemployment | |
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| Foreign Workers in the American IT Industry | |
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| Foreign Competition | |
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| The Digital Divide | |
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| Evidence of the Digital Divide | |
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| Models of Technological Diffusion | |
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| Critiques of the Digital Divide | |
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| The "Winner-Take-All Society" | |
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| The Winner-Take-All Phenomenon | |
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| Harmful Effects of Winner-Take-All | |
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| Reducing Winner-Take-All Effects | |
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| Access to Public Colleges | |
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| Effects of Tuition Increases | |
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| Ethical Analysis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| In-class Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| An Interview with Jerry Berman | |
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| Professional Ethics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Is Software Engineering a Profession? | |
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| Characteristics of a Profession | |
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| Certified Public Accountants | |
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| Software Engineers | |
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| Software Engineering Code of Ethics | |
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| Preamble | |
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| Principles | |
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| Analysis of the Code | |
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| Preamble | |
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| Virtue Ethics | |
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| Alternative List of Fundamental Principles | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| Software Recommendation | |
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| Child Pornography | |
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| Anti-Worm | |
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| Whistleblowing | |
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| Morton Thiokol/NASA | |
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| Hughes Aircraft | |
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| Morality of Whistleblowing | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| In-class Exercises | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| References | |
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| An Interview with Paul Axtell | |
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| Plagiarism | |
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| Consequences of Plagiarism | |
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| Types of Plagiarism | |
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| Guidelines for Citing Sources | |
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| How to Avoid Plagiarism | |
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| Misuse of Sources | |
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| Additional Information | |
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| References | |