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The Process of Writing | |
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The writing situation | |
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Development and focus | |
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Revision | |
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Source documentation | |
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Editing and proofreading | |
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Clarity and Style | |
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Emphasis | |
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Subjects and verbs | |
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Concise writing | |
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Sentence beginnings and endings | |
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Coordination | |
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Subordination | |
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Parallelism | |
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Parallelism with and, but, or, not, yet | |
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Parallelism with both...and, either...or, and so on | |
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Variety and Details | |
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Varied sentence lengths and structures | |
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Details | |
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Appropriate Words | |
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Dialect | |
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Slang | |
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Colloquial language | |
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Technical words | |
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Indirect and pretentious writing | |
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Sexist and other biased language | |
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Exact Words | |
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The right word for your meaning | |
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Concrete and specific words | |
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Idioms | |
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Trite expressions | |
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Conciseness | |
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Focusing on the subject and verb | |
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Cutting empty words | |
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Cutting unneeded repetition | |
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Reducing clauses and phrases | |
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Cutting there is or it is | |
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Combining sentences | |
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Sentence Parts and Patterns | |
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Verbs | |
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Forms | |
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Sing/sang/sung and Other Irregular Verbs | |
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-s and -ed verb endings | |
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Helping verbs | |
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Verb + gerund or infinitive | |
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Verb + participle | |
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Verb Tenses | |
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Uses of the present tense (sing) | |
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Uses of the perfect tenses (have/had/will have sung) | |
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Consistency in tense | |
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Sequence of tenses | |
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Verb Mood | |
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Consistency in mood | |
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Subjunctive: I wish I were | |
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Verb Voice | |
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Consistency in voice | |
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Active voice vs. passive voice | |
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Agreement of Subject and Verb | |
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Words between subject and verb | |
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Subject with and | |
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Subjects with or or nor | |
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Everyone and other indefinite pronouns | |
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Team and other collective nouns | |
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Who, which, and that | |
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News and other singular nouns ending in -s | |
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Inverted word order | |
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Is, are, and other linking verbs | |
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Pronouns | |
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Pronoun Forms | |
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Compound subjects and objects: she and I vs. her and me | |
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Subject complements: it was she | |
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Who vs. whom | |
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Other constructions | |
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Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedent | |
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Antecedents with and | |
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Antecedents with or or nor | |
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Everyone, person, and other indefinite words | |
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Team and other collective nouns | |
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Reference of Pronoun to Antecedent | |
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Single antecedent | |
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Close antecedent | |
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Specific antecedent | |
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Consistency in pronouns | |
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Modifiers | |
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Adjectives and Adverbs | |
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Adjective vs. adverb | |
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Adjective with linking verb: felt bad | |
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Comparison of adjectives and adverbs | |
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Double negatives | |
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Present and past participles as adjectives | |
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Articles: a, an, the | |
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Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers | |
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Misplaced modifiers | |
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Dangling modifiers | |
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Sentence Faults | |
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Sentence Fragments | |
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Tests for fragments | |
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Revision of fragments | |
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Comma Splices and Fused Sentences | |
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Main clauses without and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet | |
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Main clauses related by however, for example, and so on | |
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Punctuation | |
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End Punctuation | |
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Period for most sentences and some abbreviations | |
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Question mark for direct questions | |
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Exclamation point for strong statements and commands | |
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The Comma | |
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Comma with and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet | |
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Comma with introductory elements | |
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Comma or commas with interrupting and concluding elements | |
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Comma with series | |
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Comma with adjectives | |
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Comma with dates, addresses, place names, numbers | |
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Commas with quotations | |
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The Semicolon | |
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Semicolon between complete sentences not joined by and, but, or, nor, etc | |
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Semicolon with however, for example, etc | |
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Semicolons with series | |
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The Colon | |
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Colon for introduction | |
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Colon with salutations of business letters, titles and subtitles, divisions of time, and biblical citations | |
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The Apostrophe | |
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Apostrophe with possessives | |
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Misuses of the apostrophe | |
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Apostrophe with contractions | |
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Apostrophe with plural abbreviations, dates, and words or characters named as words | |
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Quotation Marks | |
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Question marks with direct quotations | |
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Quotation marks with titles of works | |
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Quotation marks with words used in a special sense | |
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Quotation marks with other punctuation | |
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Other Marks | |
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Dash or dashes: Shifts and interruptions | |
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Parentheses: Nonessential elements | |
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Ellipsis mark: Omissions from quotations | |
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Brackets: Changes in quotations | |
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Slash: Options, breaks in poetry lines, and electronic addresses | |
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Form and Appearance | |
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Document Design | |
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Clear and effective documents | |
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Academic papers | |
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Business correspondence | |
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Spelling and the Hyphen | |
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Spelling checkers | |
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Spelling rules | |
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Commonly misspelled words | |
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The hyphen | |
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Capital Letters | |
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First word of a sentence | |
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Proper nouns and adjectives | |
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Titles and subtitles of works | |
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Titles of persons | |
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Underlining (Italics) | |
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Titles of works | |
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Ships, aircraft, spacecraft, trains | |
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Foreign words | |
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Words or characters named as words | |
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Online alternatives | |
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Abbreviations | |
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Titles before and after proper names | |
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Familiar abbreviations | |
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BC, AD, AM, PM, no., and $ | |
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Latin abbreviations | |
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Words usually spelled out | |
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Numbers | |
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Numerals vs. words | |
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Commonly used numerals | |
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Beginnings of sentences | |
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Using and Documenting Sources | |
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Developing a Research Strategy | |
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Topic, question, and thesis | |
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Search goals | |
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Finding Sources | |
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Electronic searches | |
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Kinds of sources | |
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Working bibliography | |
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Evaluating and Synthesizing Sources | |
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Evaluation of sources | |
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Synthesis of sources | |
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Taking Notes and Avoiding Plagiarism | |
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Notes: Summary, paraphrase, direct quotation | |
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Plagiarism | |
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Integrating Sources into Your Text | |
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Introduction of borrowed material | |
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Interpretation of borrowed material | |
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Documenting Sources | |
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MLA Documentation Style | |
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MLA parenthetical citations | |
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MLA list of works cited | |
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Chicago Documentation Style | |
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Chicago notes and list of works cited | |
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Chicago models | |
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APA Documentation Style | |
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APA parenthetical citations | |
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APA reference list | |
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CBE Documentation Style | |
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Cbe name-year citations | |
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Cbe number citations | |
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Cbe reference list | |
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Columbia Documentation Style for Online Sources | |
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The elements of Columbia online style | |
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Online sources in the humanities | |
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Online sources in the sciences | |
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Web Sites for Writing and Research | |
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Glossary of Usage | |
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Glossary of Terms | |
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Index | |