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| Preface | |
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| Why the Social Researcher Uses Statistics | |
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| The Nature of Social Research | |
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| Why Test Hypotheses? | |
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| The Stages of Social Research | |
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| Using Series of Numbers to Do Social Research | |
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| Functions of Statistics | |
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| Summary | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Problems | |
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| Looking at the Larger Picture: A Student Survey | |
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| Description | |
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| Organizing the Data | |
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| Frequency Distributions of Nominal Data | |
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| Comparing Distributions | |
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| Proportions and Percentages | |
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| Ratios and Rates | |
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| Simple Frequency Distributions of Ordinal and Interval Data | |
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| Grouped Frequency Distributions of Interval Data | |
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| Cumulative Distributions | |
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| Percentile Ranks | |
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| Dealing with Decimal Data | |
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| Flexible Class Intervals | |
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| Cross-Tabulations | |
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| Graphic Presentations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Problems | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| The Mode | |
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| The Median | |
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| The Mean | |
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| Taking One Step at a Time | |
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| Comparing the Mode, Median, and Mean | |
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| Obtaining the Mode, Median, and Mean from a Simple Frequency Distribution | |
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| Obtaining the Mode, Median, and Mean from a Grouped Frequency Distribution | |
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| Summary | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Step-by-Step Study Guide: Mode, Median, and Mean for Raw Scores | |
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| Problems | |
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| Measures of Variability | |
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| The Range | |
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| The Mean Deviation | |
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| The Variance and Standard Deviation | |
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| The Raw-Score Formula for Variance and Standard Deviation | |
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| The Meaning of the Standard Deviation | |
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| Comparing Measures of Variability | |
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| Obtaining the Variance and Standard Deviation from a Simple Frequency Distribution | |
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| Obtaining the Variance and Standard Deviation from a Grouped Frequency Distribution | |
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| Summary | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Step-by-Step Study Guide: Variance and Standard DEviation for Raw Scores | |
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| Problems | |
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| Looking at the Larger Picture: Describing Data | |
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| From Description to Decision Making | |
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| Probability and the Normal Curve | |
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| Rules of Probability | |
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| Probability Distributions | |
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| The Normal Curve as a Probability Distribution | |
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| Characteristics of the Normal Curve | |
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| The Model and the Reality of the Normal Curve | |
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| The Area under the Normal Curve | |
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| Standard Scores and the Normal Curve | |
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| Finding Probability under the Normal Curve | |
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| Obtaining Percentile Ranks from the Normal Curve | |
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| Summary | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Step-by-Step Study Guide: Probability under the Normal Curve | |
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| Step-by-Step Study Guide: Percentile Ranks from the Normal Curve | |
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| Problems | |
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| Samples and Populations | |
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| Sampling Methods | |
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| Sampling Error | |
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| Sampling Distribution of Means | |
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| Standard Error of the Mean | |
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| Confidence Intervals | |
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| The t Distribution | |
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| Estimating Proportions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Step-by-Step Study Guide: Confidence Interval for the Mean Using z | |
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| Step-by-Step Study Guide: Confidence Interval for the Mean Using t | |
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| Step-by-Step Study Guide: Confidence Interval for the Proportion | |
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| Problems | |
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| Looking at the Larger Picture: Generalizing from Samples to Populations | |
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| Decision Making | |
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| Testing Differences between Means | |
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| The Null Hypothesis: No Difference between Means | |
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| The Research Hypothesis: A Difference between Means | |
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| Sampling Distribution of Differences between Means | |
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| Testing Hypotheses with the Distribution of Differences between Means | |
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| Levels of Significance | |
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| Standard Error of the Difference between Means | |
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| Testing the Difference between Means | |
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| Comparing the Same Sample Measured Twice | |
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| Two Sample Tests of Proportions | |
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| One-Tailed Tests | |
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| Requirements for Testing the Difference between Means | |
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| Summary | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Step-by-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Means for Independent Groups | |
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| Step-by-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Means for the Same Sample Measured Twice | |
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| Step-by-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Proportions | |
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| Problems | |
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| Analysis of Variance | |
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| The Logic of Analysis of Variance | |
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| The Sum of Squares | |
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| Mean Square | |
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| The F Ratio | |
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| A Multiple Comparison of Means | |
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| Requirements for Using the F Ratio | |
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| Summary | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Step-by-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Means for Several Independent Groups Using Analysis of Variance | |
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| Problems | |
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| Nonparametric Tests of Significance | |
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| One-Way Chi-Square Test | |
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| Two-Way Chi-Square Test | |
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| The Median Test | |
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| The Mann-Whitney U Test | |
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| Kruskal-Wallis One-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks | |
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| Summary | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Step-by-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Groups for Nominal-Level Data Using Chi-Square | |
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| Step-by-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Groups for Ordinal-Level Data Using the Mann-Whitney U Test | |
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| Step-by-Step Study Guide: Test of Differences between Several Groups for Ordinal-Level Data Using the Kruskal-Wallis Test | |
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| Problems | |
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| Looking at the Larger Picture: Testing for Differences | |
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| From Decision Making to Association | |
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| Correlation | |
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| Strength of Correlation | |
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| Direction of Correlation | |
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| Curvilinear Correlation | |
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| The Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Pearson's Correlation Coefficient | |
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| The Importance of Scatter Plots | |
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| Partial Correlation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Step-by-Step Study Guide: Testing the Strength of Association between Interval-Level Variables Using Pearson's Correlation | |
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| Problems | |
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| Regression Analysis | |
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| The Regression Model | |
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| Interpreting the Regression Line | |
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| Prediction Errors | |
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| Regression and Pearson's Correlation | |
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| Regression and Analysis of Variance | |
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| Multiple Regression | |
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| Summary | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Step-by-Step Study Guide: Testing the Effect of an Independent Variable on a Dependent Variable Using Regression Analysis | |
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| Problems | |
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| Nonparametric Measures of Correlation | |
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| Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Goodman's and Kruskal's Gamma | |
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| Correlation Coefficient for Nominal Data Arranged in a 2 [times] 2 Table | |
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| Correlation Coefficients for Nominal Data in Larger than 2 [times] 2 Tables | |
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| Lambda | |
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| Elaboration | |
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| Summary | |
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| Terms to Remember | |
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| Step-By-Step Study Guide: Testing the Strength of Association between Ordinal-Level Variables Using Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation | |
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| Step-By-Step Study Guide: Testing the Strength of Association between Cross-Tabulated, Ordinal-Level Variables Using Goodman's and Kruskal's Gamma | |
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| Problems | |
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| Applying Statistical Procedures to Research Problems | |
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| Research Situations | |
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| Research Solutions | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| Social Science Data on the Internet | |
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| A Review of Some Fundamentals of Mathematics | |
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| Tables | |
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| List of Formulas | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Answers to Selected Problems | |
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| Index | |