Preface | p. XIX |
The Nature of Crime, Law, and Criminal Justice | |
Crime and Criminal Justice | p. 2 |
Is Crime a Recent Development? | p. 6 |
Crime in the Old West | p. 6 |
Crime at the Turn of the Twentieth Century | p. 6 |
Developing the Criminal Justice System | p. 8 |
The Modern Era of Justice | p. 8 |
Federal Involvement in Criminal Justice | p. 9 |
The Criminal Justice System Today | p. 9 |
Agencies of the Criminal Justice System | p. 10 |
The Formal Criminal Justice Process | p. 11 |
The Criminal Justice Assembly Line | p. 15 |
The Informal Criminal Justice System | p. 18 |
The "Wedding Cake" Model of Justice | p. 19 |
Criminal Justice and the Media: Double Jeopardy | p. 21 |
Perspectives on Justice | p. 22 |
Crime Control Perspective | p. 23 |
Rehabilitation Perspective | p. 24 |
Due Process Perspective | p. 25 |
Nonintervention Perspective | p. 25 |
Justice Perspective | p. 26 |
Restorative Justice Perspective | p. 26 |
Perspectives in Action: Controlling the Drug Trade | p. 27 |
Crime Control Strategies | p. 28 |
Justice Model Strategies | p. 29 |
Rehabilitation Strategies | p. 30 |
Restorative Justice Strategies | p. 31 |
Nonintervention Strategies | p. 31 |
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Is There a Need for Drug Treatment? | p. 32 |
Perspectives in Perspective | p. 33 |
Summary | p. 35 |
Key Terms | p. 35 |
Info Trac College Edition Exercises | p. 35 |
Questions | p. 36 |
Notes | p. 36 |
The Nature of Crime and Victimization | p. 38 |
How Is Crime Defined? | p. 41 |
Sources of Crime Data | p. 42 |
Survey Data | p. 42 |
Record Data | p. 42 |
Other Sources | p. 43 |
Measuring Crime Trends | p. 43 |
Official Crime Data: The Uniform Crime Reports | p. 43 |
Victim Surveys | p. 45 |
Self-Report Surveys | p. 47 |
Are the Three Sources of Crime Statistics Compatible? | p. 50 |
Crime Trends | p. 50 |
Trends in Violent Crime | p. 51 |
Trends in Property Crime | p. 51 |
Trends in Self-Reports and Victimization | p. 53 |
What the Future Holds | p. 54 |
Crime Patterns | p. 55 |
Race, Culture, and Gender: International Crime Trends | p. 55 |
Ecological and Seasonal Differences | p. 56 |
Gender and Crime | p. 56 |
Race and Crime | p. 57 |
Social Class and Crime | p. 57 |
Age and Crime | p. 58 |
Crime Victims | p. 58 |
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: The Chronic Offender | p. 60 |
Causes of Crime and Victimization | p. 63 |
Choice Theory: Because They Want To | p. 64 |
Biological Theory: It's in Their Blood | p. 64 |
Psychological Theory: It's in Their Heads | p. 65 |
Social Structure Theory: Because They're Poor | p. 66 |
Social Process Theory: Socialized to Crime | p. 67 |
Criminal Justice and the Media: The Media and Violence | p. 68 |
Conflict Theory: It's a "Dog-Eat-Dog World" | p. 70 |
Developmental Theory: Things Change | p. 70 |
A Final Word | p. 71 |
Summary | p. 71 |
Key Terms | p. 73 |
Info Trac College Edition Exercises | p. 73 |
Questions | p. 73 |
Notes | p. 73 |
Criminal Law: Substance and Procedure | p. 76 |
The Historical Development of the Criminal Law | p. 80 |
The Common Law | p. 80 |
The Principle of Stare Decisis | p. 82 |
Criminal Law and Civil Law | p. 82 |
Sources of the Criminal Law | p. 83 |
Common Law, Statutes, and Case Decisions | p. 84 |
Administrative Rule Making | p. 84 |
Constitutional Law and Its Limits | p. 84 |
Crimes and Classifications | p. 85 |
Felonies and Misdemeanors | p. 85 |
Law in Review: Protecting Public Safety | p. 86 |
Other Statutory Classifications | p. 88 |
The Legal Definition of a Crime | p. 88 |
Actus Reus and Mens Rea | p. 89 |
The Relationship of Mens Rea and Actus Reus | p. 90 |
Strict Liability | p. 90 |
Criminal Responsibility | p. 90 |
The Legal Definition of Insanity | p. 91 |
Intoxication | p. 93 |
Age | p. 93 |
Criminal Defense: Justification or Excuse | p. 93 |
Consent | p. 94 |
Self-Defense | p. 94 |
Entrapment | p. 95 |
Mistake, Compulsion, and Necessity | p. 95 |
Substantive Criminal Law Reform | p. 97 |
The RICO Act | p. 97 |
Federal Crime Legislation, 1984-1999 | p. 98 |
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Criminal Law Reform | p. 98 |
Constitutional Criminal Procedure | p. 100 |
The U.S. Constitution | p. 100 |
The Bill of Rights | p. 101 |
The State Criminal Justice System under the Constitution | p. 102 |
Procedural Due Process of Law | p. 103 |
Future Directions in Criminal Law | p. 104 |
Summary | p. 106 |
Key Terms | p. 106 |
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises | p. 106 |
Questions | p. 106 |
Notes | p. 107 |
The Police and Law Enforcement | |
Police in Society: History and Organization | p. 108 |
The History of Police | p. 111 |
Eighteenth-Century Developments | p. 111 |
Law Enforcement in Colonial America | p. 112 |
Early Police Agencies | p. 113 |
Twentieth-Century Reform | p. 115 |
The Emergence of Professionalism | p. 115 |
The Modern Era of Policing: 1960-2000 | p. 116 |
Policing in the 1960s | p. 116 |
Policing in the 1970s | p. 116 |
Policing in the 1980s | p. 117 |
Policing in the 1990s | p. 117 |
Law Enforcement Today | p. 118 |
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies | p. 118 |
State Law Enforcement Agencies | p. 121 |
County Law Enforcement Agencies | p. 122 |
Metropolitan Law Enforcement Agencies | p. 122 |
The Future of Law Enforcement | p. 124 |
Criminal Investigation | p. 124 |
Information Technology | p. 125 |
Criminal Identification | p. 125 |
Criminal Justice and Technology: Crime Mapping | p. 126 |
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems | p. 128 |
DNA Testing | p. 129 |
Communications | p. 130 |
Private Security | p. 131 |
Summary | p. 132 |
Key Terms | p. 132 |
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises | p. 132 |
Questions | p. 132 |
Notes | p. 132 |
The Police: Role and Function | p. 134 |
The Police Organization | p. 136 |
The Police Role | p. 138 |
The Patrol Function | p. 139 |
Patrol Activities | p. 140 |
Does Patrol Deter Crime? | p. 140 |
Proactive Patrol | p. 141 |
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Zero Tolerance: Aggressive Policing in New York City | p. 142 |
Adding Patrol Officers | p. 144 |
The Investigation Function | p. 144 |
Sting Operations | p. 145 |
Undercover Work | p. 145 |
Evaluating Investigations | p. 146 |
Improving Investigations | p. 146 |
The Changing Concepts of Policing | p. 147 |
Community Policing | p. 147 |
Problem-Oriented Policing | p. 152 |
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: School Resource Officers | p. 154 |
Has Innovative Policing Met Its Goals? | p. 155 |
Support Functions | p. 156 |
Improving Police Productivity | p. 158 |
Consolidation and Informal Arrangements | p. 158 |
Sharing, Pooling, and Contracting | p. 159 |
Police Service Districts | p. 160 |
Civilian Employees | p. 160 |
Multiple Tasking | p. 160 |
Special-Assignment Programs | p. 160 |
Budget Supplements | p. 160 |
Differential Police Response | p. 161 |
Summary | p. 161 |
Key Terms | p. 161 |
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises | p. 161 |
Questions | p. 161 |
Notes | p. 162 |
Issues in Policing | p. 164 |
The Police Profession | p. 167 |
The Police Culture | p. 167 |
Criminal Justice and the Media: NYPD Blue | p. 168 |
The Police Personality | p. 169 |
Policing Style | p. 170 |
Police Discretion | p. 172 |
Legal Factors | p. 172 |
Environmental Factors | p. 173 |
Departmental Factors | p. 173 |
Situational Factors | p. 174 |
Extralegal Factors | p. 175 |
Who Are the Police? | p. 176 |
Race, Culture, and Gender: Does Race Influence the Police Use of Discretion? | p. 176 |
Police Education | p. 177 |
Minorities in Policing | p. 178 |
Women in Policing | p. 179 |
Problems of Policing | p. 182 |
Job Stress | p. 182 |
Violence | p. 184 |
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Suing the Police | p. 188 |
Corruption | p. 193 |
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: In the Line of Fire: Shootings of Police | p. 193 |
Summary | p. 197 |
Key Terms | p. 198 |
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises | p. 198 |
Questions | p. 198 |
Notes | p. 198 |
Police and the Rule of Law | p. 202 |
Court Review of Police Operations | p. 204 |
Search and Seizure | p. 205 |
Search Warrant Requirements | p. 206 |
Use of Informers | p. 206 |
Warrantless Searches | p. 206 |
Searches Incident to a Lawful Arrest | p. 206 |
Field Interrogation: Stop and Frisk | p. 208 |
Motor Vehicle Searches | p. 208 |
Consent Searches | p. 209 |
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Traffic Stops: Undercutting the Fourth Amendment | p. 210 |
The Bus Sweep | p. 211 |
The Doctrines of Plain View and Curtilage | p. 211 |
Electronic Surveillance | p. 213 |
Arrest | p. 214 |
Interrogation of a Suspect: The Miranda Case | p. 215 |
Law in Review: Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | p. 216 |
The Pretrial Identification Process | p. 218 |
The Exclusionary Rule | p. 219 |
Current Status and Controversy | p. 221 |
Law in Review: Mapp v. Ohio (1961) | p. 223 |
Summary | p. 224 |
Key Terms | p. 224 |
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises | p. 224 |
Questions | p. 225 |
Notes | p. 225 |
Courts and Adjudication | |
Courts, Prosecution, and the Defense | p. 226 |
The Criminal Court Process | p. 229 |
State Courts | p. 230 |
Courts of Limited Jurisdiction | p. 230 |
Courts of General Jurisdiction | p. 231 |
Appellate Courts | p. 231 |
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Specialty Courts | p. 232 |
Federal Courts | p. 233 |
District Courts | p. 235 |
Federal Appeals Courts | p. 236 |
The U.S. Supreme Court | p. 236 |
Federal and State Court Caseloads | p. 238 |
Law in Review: The Role of the High Court and States' Rights | p. 239 |
The Judiciary | p. 240 |
Other Judicial Functions | p. 240 |
Judicial Qualifications | p. 241 |
The Prosecutor | p. 242 |
Duties of the Prosecutor | p. 243 |
Types of Prosecutors | p. 244 |
Prosecutorial Discretion | p. 245 |
The Role of the Prosecutorial Discretion | p. 246 |
Judicial Restraints | p. 247 |
The Defense Attorney | p. 248 |
The Role of the Criminal Defense Attorney | p. 249 |
Ethical Issues | p. 249 |
The Right to Counsel | p. 251 |
The Private Bar | p. 252 |
Legal Services for the Indigent | p. 252 |
The Competence of Defense Attorneys | p. 258 |
Court Administration | p. 259 |
Technology and Court Management | p. 260 |
Summary | p. 261 |
Key Terms | p. 262 |
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises | p. 262 |
Questions | p. 262 |
Notes | p. 262 |
Pretrial Procedures | p. 264 |
Procedures Following Arrest | p. 267 |
Pretrial Services | p. 268 |
Bail | p. 269 |
The Legal Right to Bail | p. 270 |
Receiving Bail | p. 271 |
Bail Bonding Today | p. 272 |
The History of Bail Reform | p. 272 |
The Preventive Detention Controversy | p. 273 |
Pretrial Detention | p. 275 |
Law in Review: United States v. Salerno (1987) | p. 276 |
Charging the Defendant | p. 278 |
The Incident Process--The Grand Jury | p. 278 |
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: The Pretrial Release Debate | p. 278 |
The Indictment Process--The Preliminary Hearing | p. 279 |
Arraignment | p. 280 |
The Plea | p. 281 |
Plea Bargaining | p. 282 |
Legal Issues in Plea Bargaining | p. 283 |
Plea-Bargaining Decision Making | p. 284 |
The Role of the Prosecutor in Plea Bargaining | p. 284 |
The Role of the Defense Counsel in Plea Bargaining | p. 286 |
The Role of the Judge in Plea Bargaining | p. 287 |
The Victim and Plea Bargaining | p. 287 |
Plea-Bargaining Reform | p. 288 |
Pretrial Diversion | p. 289 |
Summary | p. 291 |
Key Terms | p. 291 |
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises | p. 291 |
Questions | p. 292 |
Notes | p. 292 |
The Criminal Trial | p. 294 |
Legal Rights during Trial | p. 297 |
The Right to Confront Witnesses | p. 298 |
The Right to a Jury Trial | p. 298 |
The Right to Counsel at Trial | p. 300 |
The Right to Self-Representation | p. 302 |
Law in Review: Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) | p. 302 |
The Right to a Speedy Trial | p. 304 |
The Right to a Fair Trial | p. 305 |
The Right to a Public Trial | p. 306 |
The Trial Process | p. 307 |
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Guidelines to Televising Criminal Trials | p. 308 |
Jury Selection | p. 310 |
Opening Statements | p. 311 |
Presentation of the Prosecutor's Evidence | p. 312 |
Race, Culture, and Gender: Jury Selection and Peremptory Challenges | p. 313 |
Motion for a Directed Verdict | p. 314 |
Presentation of the Defense Attorney's Evidence | p. 315 |
Closing Arguments | p. 315 |
Instructions to the Jury | p. 315 |
The Verdict | p. 316 |
The Sentence | p. 316 |
The Appeal | p. 316 |
Evidentiary Standards | p. 318 |
Criminal Trial Practices in the Twenty-First Century | p. 319 |
Summary | p. 320 |
Key Terms | p. 321 |
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises | p. 322 |
Questions | p. 322 |
Notes | p. 322 |
Punishment and Sentencing | p. 324 |
The History of Punishment | p. 327 |
From Exile to Fines, Torture to Forfeiture | p. 327 |
Public Work and Transportation to the Colonies | p. 328 |
The Rise of the Prison | p. 329 |
The Goals of Modern Sentencing | p. 330 |
General Deterrence | p. 330 |
Incapacitation | p. 330 |
Specific Deterrence | p. 331 |
Retribution/Just Desert | p. 331 |
Rehabilitation | p. 331 |
Equity/Restitution | p. 332 |
Imposing the Sentence | p. 332 |
Sentencing Models | p. 333 |
Indeterminate Sentences | p. 333 |
Determinate Sentences | p. 334 |
Structured Sentences | p. 335 |
Mandatory Sentences | p. 338 |
How People Are Sentenced | p. 338 |
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Let's Get Tough: Truth-in-Sentencing and Three-Strikes Laws | p. 340 |
What Factors Affect Sentencing? | p. 342 |
Capital Punishment | p. 344 |
Arguments for the Death Penalty | p. 345 |
Race, Culture, and Gender: Race and Sentencing | p. 346 |
Race, Culture, and Gender: The International Use of the Death Penalty | p. 348 |
Arguments against the Death Penalty | p. 350 |
Legal Issues | p. 353 |
Death-Qualified Juries | p. 354 |
Does the Death Penalty Deter Murder? | p. 355 |
Summary | p. 356 |
Key Terms | p. 356 |
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises | p. 357 |
Questions | p. 357 |
Notes | p. 357 |
Corrections and Alternative Sanctions | |
Probation and Intermediate Sanctions | p. 360 |
Probation | p. 362 |
The History of Probation | p. 363 |
The Concept of Probation | p. 363 |
Awarding Probation | p. 364 |
The Extent of Probation | p. 364 |
Eligibility for Probation | p. 365 |
Conditions of Probation | p. 366 |
Administration of Probation Services | p. 366 |
How Successful Is Probation? | p. 370 |
Legal Rights of Probationers | p. 373 |
The Future of Probation | p. 374 |
Intermediate Sanctions | p. 375 |
Advantages of Intermediate Sanctions | p. 376 |
Race, Culture, and Gender: Community Sentencing Abroad | p. 376 |
Fines | p. 377 |
Forfeiture | p. 379 |
Restitution | p. 380 |
Shock Probation and Split Sentencing | p. 381 |
Intensive Probation Supervision | p. 381 |
House Arrest | p. 382 |
Electronic Monitoring | p. 383 |
Residential Community Corrections | p. 385 |
Can Intermediate Sanctions Work? | p. 387 |
Summary | p. 388 |
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Restorative Justice in the Community | p. 389 |
Key Terms | p. 390 |
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises | p. 390 |
Questions | p. 390 |
Notes | p. 391 |
Corrections: History, Institutions, and Populations | p. 394 |
The History of Correctional Institutions | p. 398 |
American Developments | p. 400 |
Jails | p. 406 |
Jail Populations | p. 408 |
Jail Inmate Characteristics | p. 408 |
Jail Conditions | p. 409 |
Prisons | p. 410 |
Types of Prisons | p. 410 |
Criminal Justice and Technology: Super-Maximum-Security Prisons | p. 412 |
Prison Inmate Characteristics | p. 414 |
Alternative Correctional Institutions | p. 416 |
Prison Farms and Camps | p. 416 |
Shock Incarceration in Boot Camps | p. 416 |
Community Correctional Facilities | p. 419 |
Private Prisons | p. 419 |
Correctional Populations | p. 421 |
Why Is the Prison Population Rising? | p. 421 |
Prison Overcrowding | p. 421 |
Summary | p. 424 |
Criminal Justice and Technology: Using Technology to Increase Prison Security | p. 424 |
Key Terms | p. 425 |
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises | p. 426 |
Questions | p. 426 |
Notes | p. 426 |
Prison Life | p. 428 |
Men Imprisoned | p. 432 |
Living in Prison | p. 432 |
The Inmate Social Code | p. 435 |
The New Inmate Culture | p. 436 |
Women Imprisoned | p. 436 |
Female Institutions | p. 436 |
Race, Culture, and Gender: Women in Prison: Vengeful Equity | p. 438 |
Correctional Treatment Methods | p. 441 |
Group Counseling | p. 441 |
Treating the Special-Needs Inmate | p. 442 |
Educational and Vocational Programs | p. 443 |
Inmate Self-Help | p. 446 |
Can Rehabilitation Work? | p. 447 |
Guarding the Institution | p. 448 |
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: The No-Frills Movement | p. 449 |
Female Correctional Officers | p. 450 |
Prison Violence | p. 450 |
Individual Violence | p. 451 |
Collective Violence | p. 451 |
Controlling Violence | p. 452 |
Prisoner's Rights | p. 452 |
Substantive Rights | p. 454 |
Leaving Prison | p. 456 |
Parole | p. 456 |
The Effectiveness of Parole | p. 460 |
Summary | p. 463 |
Key Terms | p. 463 |
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises | p. 463 |
Questions | p. 464 |
Notes | p. 464 |
Juvenile Justice | |
Juvenile Justice | p. 466 |
The History of Juvenile Justice | p. 469 |
Care of Children in Early America | p. 470 |
The Child-Saving Movement | p. 470 |
The Development of Juvenile Justice | p. 472 |
Juvenile Justice Today | p. 475 |
Police Processing of the Juvenile Offender | p. 476 |
Legal Rights | p. 479 |
The Juvenile Court Process | p. 480 |
The Intake Process | p. 481 |
The Detention Process | p. 481 |
Bail | p. 482 |
Plea Bargaining | p. 483 |
Waiver of Jurisdiction | p. 484 |
The Trial | p. 486 |
Disposition and Treatment | p. 487 |
The Juvenile Correctional Process | p. 489 |
Probation | p. 489 |
Institutionalization | p. 490 |
Comprehensive Juvenile Justice Reform | p. 494 |
Early Prevention | p. 494 |
Intervention Programs | p. 494 |
Graduated Sanction Programs | p. 494 |
Reforming Institutionalization | p. 495 |
Policy, Programs, and Issues in Criminal Justice: Preventing Delinquency with Early Childhood Intervention | p. 496 |
Increasing Waiver | p. 498 |
Current and Future Issues in Juvenile Justice | p. 498 |
Summary | p. 499 |
Key Terms | p. 499 |
InfoTrac College Edition Exercises | p. 499 |
Questions | p. 500 |
Notes | p. 500 |
Glossary | p. 502 |
Table of Cases | p. 517 |
Name Index | p. 520 |
Subject Index | p. 529 |
Photo Credits | p. 546 |
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