| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Brief Contents | |
| |
| |
| Introduction for Students | |
| |
| |
| Why Does Grammar Matter? | |
| |
| |
| What Makes Good Writing Work, Anyway? | |
| |
| |
| How to Master Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Grammar and Usage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Grammar Basics | |
| |
| |
| Using Standard English | |
| |
| |
| Why Don't We Write How We Talk? | |
| |
| |
| Conventional Wisdom | |
| |
| |
| Competing Grammars and Stylebooks | |
| |
| |
| Grammar and Confidence | |
| |
| |
| Communicating Well | |
| |
| |
| Talking Shop | |
| |
| |
| Key Principles of Grammar | |
| |
| |
| Web Resources: Grammar Help | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences | |
| |
| |
| Phrases | |
| |
| |
| Phrases as Subjects and Objects | |
| |
| |
| Phrases as Verbs | |
| |
| |
| Phrases as Modifiers | |
| |
| |
| Phrases as Connecting Words | |
| |
| |
| Clauses | |
| |
| |
| Independent Clauses | |
| |
| |
| Dependent Clauses | |
| |
| |
| Restrictive Versus Nonrestrictive | |
| |
| |
| Journalism Tip: Punctuating Nonrestrictive Phrases and Clauses | |
| |
| |
| Sentences | |
| |
| |
| Journalism Tip: Using Different Types of Sentences | |
| |
| |
| Sentence Errors | |
| |
| |
| Fragments | |
| |
| |
| Fused Sentences | |
| |
| |
| Comma-Splice Sentences | |
| |
| |
| Run-on Sentences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subjects and Objects | |
| |
| |
| Kinds of Subjects | |
| |
| |
| Kinds of Objects | |
| |
| |
| Common Nouns Versus Proper Nouns | |
| |
| |
| Journalism Tip: Using Trademarks | |
| |
| |
| The Forms Nouns Take | |
| |
| |
| Forming Singulars and Plurals of Nouns | |
| |
| |
| Forming Possessives of Nouns | |
| |
| |
| Pronoun Person, Number and Gender | |
| |
| |
| Pronoun Cases | |
| |
| |
| Nominative Case with Pronouns | |
| |
| |
| Journalism Tip: Predicate Nominatives in Formal Writing Versus Broadcast | |
| |
| |
| Objective Case with Pronouns | |
| |
| |
| Possessive Case with Pronouns | |
| |
| |
| Relative Pronouns | |
| |
| |
| Whose Versus Who's | |
| |
| |
| Pronouns Ending in Self or Selves | |
| |
| |
| Verbal Nouns: Gerunds and Infinitives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Verbs | |
| |
| |
| Helping Verbs Versus Main Verbs | |
| |
| |
| Transitive Verbs Versus Intransitive Verbs | |
| |
| |
| Tenses | |
| |
| |
| The Simple Tenses | |
| |
| |
| The Perfect Tenses | |
| |
| |
| The Progressive Tenses | |
| |
| |
| Shall Versus Will | |
| |
| |
| Regular Verbs Versus Irregular Verbs | |
| |
| |
| Sequence of Tenses | |
| |
| |
| Past Tenses | |
| |
| |
| Present Tenses | |
| |
| |
| Journalism Tip: Journalism and Sequence of Tenses | |
| |
| |
| Future Tenses | |
| |
| |
| Making Verb Tenses Agree | |
| |
| |
| Active Voice Versus Passive Voice | |
| |
| |
| Journalism Tip: When Not to Change Passive Voice to Active | |
| |
| |
| Mood | |
| |
| |
| Indicative Mood | |
| |
| |
| Imperative Mood | |
| |
| |
| Conditional Mood | |
| |
| |
| Subjunctive Mood | |
| |
| |
| Journalism Tip: Verb Moods | |
| |
| |
| Nouns Used as Verbs | |
| |
| |
| Verbals | |
| |
| |
| Gerunds | |
| |
| |
| Participles | |
| |
| |
| Infinitives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Making the Parts Agree | |
| |
| |
| Subject-Verb Agreement | |
| |
| |
| Conjuctions | |
| |
| |
| Collective and Uncountable Nouns | |
| |
| |
| Journalism Tip: Groups of People in the News | |
| |
| |
| Names of Teams and Musical Groups | |
| |
| |
| Other Confusing Nouns | |
| |
| |
| Indefinite Pronouns | |
| |
| |
| Intervening Nouns and Pronouns | |
| |
| |
| Prepositional Phrases | |
| |
| |
| Subject and Predicate Nominative Disagreement | |
| |
| |
| Inverted Order | |
| |
| |
| Making Pronouns and Antecedents Agree | |
| |
| |
| Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement | |
| |
| |
| Clear Pronoun Reference | |
| |
| |
| Making Sentences Parallel | |
| |
| |
| Make Items in a Series Parallel | |
| |
| |
| Make Verbs Parallel | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modifiers and Connecting Words | |
| |
| |
| Modifiers | |
| |
| |
| Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs | |
| |
| |
| Adjectives Versus Adverbs | |
| |
| |
| Coordinate Adjectives Versus Compound Modifiers | |
| |
| |
| Journalism Tip: Compound Modifiers Without Hyphens | |
| |
| |
| Articles | |
| |
| |
| Sentence Adverbs | |
| |
| |
| Participles | |
| |
| |
| Double Negatives | |
| |
| |
| Interjections | |
| |
| |
| Connecting Words | |
| |
| |
| Prepositions | |
| |
| |
| Conjunctions | |
| |
| |
| Coordinate Conjunctions | |
| |
| |
| Correlative Conjunctions | |
| |
| |
| Subordinate Conjunctions | |
| |
| |
| Conjunctive Adverbs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Getting Words in the Right Order | |
| |
| |
| Misplaced Modifiers | |
| |
| |
| Adverb Placement | |
| |
| |
| Less Confusing Jumbled Word Orders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Usage: Finding the Right Word | |
| |
| |
| Journalism Tip: Conservative Stylebook Rules | |
| |
| |
| Misused and Confused Words and Phrases | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Punctuation | |
| |
| |
| Commas | |
| |
| |
| Always Use a Comma | |
| |
| |
| Never Use a Comma | |
| |
| |
| Possibly Use a Comma | |
| |
| |
| Quotation Marks and Other Problems of Quoting | |
| |
| |
| What to Quote | |
| |
| |
| Attribution of Quotations | |
| |
| |
| Paraphrases | |
| |
| |
| Quotations Across Paragraphs | |
| |
| |
| Other Issues with Quotes | |
| |
| |
| Semicolons | |
| |
| |
| Colons | |
| |
| |
| Dashes | |
| |
| |
| Parentheses | |
| |
| |
| Hyphens | |
| |
| |
| Apostrophes | |
| |
| |
| Slashes | |
| |
| |
| Periods, Exclamation Points and Question Marks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spelling Relief | |
| |
| |
| Spelling Rules | |
| |
| |
| Prefixes | |
| |
| |
| Suffixes | |
| |
| |
| Journalism Tip: Spelling and Your Career | |
| |
| |
| The Silent e | |
| |
| |
| Other Spelling Rules | |
| |
| |
| Words Often Misspelled | |
| |
| |
| Hyphenation as a Spelling Problem | |
| |
| |
| Looking up Words for Hyphenation | |
| |
| |
| One Word, Two Words, or Hyphenated? | |
| |
| |
| American Versus British Spelling | |
| |
| |
| Web Resources: Spelling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Style | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing as a Journalist | |
| |
| |
| Keys to Good Journalistic Writing | |
| |
| |
| Clarity | |
| |
| |
| A Clarity Checklist | |
| |
| |
| Writing Levels | |
| |
| |
| Unanswered Questions | |
| |
| |
| Specifics | |
| |
| |
| Math and Clarity | |
| |
| |
| Correctness | |
| |
| |
| Objectivity | |
| |
| |
| Rules of Objective Writing | |
| |
| |
| Web Resources: Writing Help | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conciseness | |
| |
| |
| Tightening | |
| |
| |
| Use Fewer Words | |
| |
| |
| Use Simpler Words | |
| |
| |
| Use Exact Words | |
| |
| |
| Be Fresh, Not Stale | |
| |
| |
| What to Tighten, A to Z | |
| |
| |
| Web Resources: Concise Writing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sexism, Racism, and Other "isms" | |
| |
| |
| Don't be Ridiculous | |
| |
| |
| Language Turns to the Future | |
| |
| |
| New Players in the New Millennium | |
| |
| |
| A Brief History of "ISMS" | |
| |
| |
| Future Realities: More Language Transformation Coming | |
| |
| |
| Dealing with Current Reality | |
| |
| |
| Sexism | |
| |
| |
| Racism | |
| |
| |
| Ageism | |
| |
| |
| Other Stereotyping | |
| |
| |
| The Nonbias Rule | |
| |
| |
| Symbolic Annihilation | |
| |
| |
| Dumping Today's Stereotypes | |
| |
| |
| Web Resources: Competent Language | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing Methods for Different Media | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing News That's Fit for Print | |
| |
| |
| News Leads | |
| |
| |
| Pick the Best Angle | |
| |
| |
| Hard-News Leads | |
| |
| |
| Who Was Involved? | |
| |
| |
| What Happened? | |
| |
| |
| When Did It Happen? | |
| |
| |
| Where Did It Happen? | |
| |
| |
| Problems with Hard-News Leads | |
| |
| |
| Soft-News Leads | |
| |
| |
| Soft-News Cliches | |
| |
| |
| What Comes After the Lead? | |
| |
| |
| Web Resources: Journalism Reviews | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing News for Broadcast | |
| |
| |
| Print Versus Broadcast News | |
| |
| |
| Use a Conventional Style | |
| |
| |
| Personalize the News | |
| |
| |
| Make it Easy to Understand | |
| |
| |
| Keep it Short | |
| |
| |
| Keep it Timely | |
| |
| |
| Make it Clear | |
| |
| |
| Broadcasters must know Grammar | |
| |
| |
| Broadcast Hard-News Leads | |
| |
| |
| Start With the Who | |
| |
| |
| What Happened? | |
| |
| |
| Other Points to Remember | |
| |
| |
| Broadcast Story Structure | |
| |
| |
| Broadcast Style Summary | |
| |
| |
| Preparing Your Manuscript for Radio | |
| |
| |
| Preparing Your Manuscript for Television | |
| |
| |
| Editing and Other Symbols | |
| |
| |
| Pronunciation | |
| |
| |
| Abbreviations | |
| |
| |
| Numbers | |
| |
| |
| Punctuation | |
| |
| |
| Names | |
| |
| |
| Spelling | |
| |
| |
| Web Resources: Broadcasting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Writing and Editing for the Web | |
| |
| |
| Online Media are Unique | |
| |
| |
| Correctness (or Credibility) | |
| |
| |
| Conciseness | |
| |
| |
| Consistency | |
| |
| |
| Completeness | |
| |
| |
| The Fifth C | |
| |
| |
| Writing and Presenting News Online | |
| |
| |
| Writing With Search Engines in Mind | |
| |
| |
| Legal and Ethical Concerns | |
| |
| |
| Corrections | |
| |
| |
| Hyperlinks to External Sites | |
| |
| |
| Tomorrow's Readers | |
| |
| |
| Web Resources: Online Media | |
| |
| |
| Appendix: Wire-Service Style Summary | |
| |
| |
| Abbreviations and Acronyms | |
| |
| |
| Punctuation | |
| |
| |
| Symbols | |
| |
| |
| Dates | |
| |
| |
| People and Titles | |
| |
| |
| Organizations | |
| |
| |
| Places | |
| |
| |
| Miscellaneous | |
| |
| |
| Capitalization | |
| |
| |
| Proper Nouns | |
| |
| |
| Geographic Regions | |
| |
| |
| Government and College Terms | |
| |
| |
| Religious Terms | |
| |
| |
| Titles | |
| |
| |
| Miscellaneous | |
| |
| |
| Numbers | |
| |
| |
| Cardinal Numbers | |
| |
| |
| Numerals with Suffixes | |
| |
| |
| Numbers as Words | |
| |
| |
| Other Rules for Numbers | |
| |
| |
| Web Resources: Associated Press Style | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Index | |
| |
| |
| Web Resources: Additional Sources | |