| |
| |
Forward | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
11 January 1978 | |
| |
| |
General perspective of the lectures: the study of bio-power | |
| |
| |
Five proposals on the analysis of mechanisms of power | |
| |
| |
Legal system, disciplinary mechanisms, and security apparatuses ( dipositifs ) | |
| |
| |
Two examples | |
| |
| |
| |
The punishment of theft | |
| |
| |
| |
The treatment of leprosy, plague, and smallpox | |
| |
| |
General features of security apparatuses( 1 ): the spaces of security | |
| |
| |
The example of the town | |
| |
| |
Three examples of planning urban space in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries | |
| |
| |
| |
Alexandre Le Ma�“tre���s La Métrpolitée ( 1682 ) | |
| |
| |
| |
Richelieu | |
| |
| |
| |
Nantes | |
| |
| |
| |
18 January 1978 | |
| |
| |
General features of apparatuses of security ( II ): relationship to the event: the art of governing and treatment of the uncertain ( l���aléatoire ) | |
| |
| |
The problem of scarcity ( la disette ) in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries | |
| |
| |
From the mercantilists to the physiocrats | |
| |
| |
Differences between apparatuses of security and disciplinary mechanisms in ways of dealing with the event | |
| |
| |
The new governmental rationality and the emergence of �ǣpopulation.ï¿½Ç | |
| |
| |
Conclusion on liberalism: liberty as ideology and technique of government | |
| |
| |
| |
25 January 1978 | |
| |
| |
General features of apparatuses of security ( III ) | |
| |
| |
Normation ( normation ) and normalization | |
| |
| |
The example of the epidemic ( smallpox ) and inoculation campaigns in the eighteenth century | |
| |
| |
The emergence of new notions: case, risk, danger, and crisis | |
| |
| |
The forms of normalization in discipline and in mechanisms of security | |
| |
| |
Deployment of a new political technology: the government of populations | |
| |
| |
The problem of population in the mercantilists and the physiocrats | |
| |
| |
The population as operator ( operateur ) of transformations in domains of knowledge: from the analysis of wealth to political economy, from natural history to biology, from general grammar to historical philology | |
| |
| |
| |
1 February 1978 | |
| |
| |
The problem of �ǣgovernment in the sixteenth century | |
| |
| |
Multiplicity of practices of government ( government of self, government of souls, government of children, etcetera ) | |
| |
| |
The specific problem of the government of the state | |
| |
| |
The point of repulsion of the literature on government: Machiavelli���s The Prince | |
| |
| |
Brief history of the reception of The Prince until the nineteenth century | |
| |
| |
The art of government distinct from the Prince���s simple artfulness | |
| |
| |
Example of this new art of government: Guillaume de la Perriÿre Le Miroir politique ( 1555 ) | |
| |
| |
A government that finds its end in the �ǣthingsï¿½Ç to be directed | |
| |
| |
Decline of law to the advantage of a variety of tactics | |
| |
| |
The historical and institutional obstacles to the implementation of this art of government until the eighteenth century | |
| |
| |
The problem of population an essential factor in unblocking the art of government | |
| |
| |
The triangle formed by government, population, and political economy | |
| |
| |
Questions of method: the project of a history of �ǣgovernmentality.ï¿½Ç Overvaluation of the problem of the state | |
| |
| |
| |
8 February 1978 | |
| |
| |
Why study governmentality? | |
| |
| |
The problem of the state and population | |
| |
| |
Reminder of the general project: triple displacement of the analysis in relation to ( a ) the institution, ( b ) the function, and ( c ) the object | |
| |
| |
The stake of this year���s lectures | |
| |
| |
Elements for a history of �ǣgovernment.ï¿½Ç Its semantic field from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century | |
| |
| |
The idea of the government of men. Its sources | |
| |
| |
| |
The organization of a pastoral power in the pre-Christian and Christian East | |
| |
| |
| |
Spiritual direction ( direction de conscience ) | |
| |
| |
First outline of the pastorate. Its specific features | |
| |
| |
| |
It is exercised over a multiplicity on the move | |
| |
| |
| |
It is a fundamentally beneficent power with salvation of the flocks as its objective | |
| |
| |
| |
It is a power which individualizes. Omnes et singulatim. The paradox of the shepherd ( berger ) | |
| |
| |
The institutionalization of the pastorate by the Christian Church | |
| |
| |
| |
15 February 1978 | |
| |
| |
Analysis of the pastorate ( continuation ) | |
| |
| |
The problem of the shepherd-flock relationship in Greek literature and thought: Homer, the Pythagorean tradition. Rareness of the shepherd metaphor in classical political literature ( Isocrates, Demosthenes ) | |
| |
| |
A major exception: Plato���s The Statesman | |
| |
| |
The use of the metaphor in other Plato texts ( Critias, Laws, The Republic ) | |
| |
| |
The critique of the idea of a magistrate-shepherd in The Statesman | |
| |
| |
The pastoral metaphor applied to the doctor, farmer, gymnast, and teacher | |
| |
| |
The history of the pastorate in the West, as a model of the government of men, in inseparable from Christianity | |
| |
| |
Its transformations and crises up to the eighteenth century | |
| |
| |
Need for a history of the pastorate | |
| |
| |
Characteristics of the �ǣgovernment of soulsï¿½Ç : encompassing power coextensive with the organization of the Church and distinct from political power | |
| |
| |
The problem of the relationships between political power and pastoral power in the West. Comparison with the Russian tradition | |
| |
| |
| |
22 February 1978Analysis of the pastorate ( end ) | |
| |
| |
Specificity of the Christian pastorate in comparison with Eastern and Hebraic traditions | |
| |
| |
An art of governing men. Its role in the history of governmentality | |
| |
| |
Main features of the Christian pastorate from the third to the sixth century ( Saint John Chrysostom, Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose, Gregory the Great, Cassian, Saint Benedict ) | |
| |
| |
| |
The relationship to salvation | |
| |
| |
An economy of merits and faults | |
| |
| |
| |
The principle of analytical responsibility | |
| |
| |
| |
The principle of exhaustive and instantaneous transfer | |
| |
| |
| |
The principle of sacrificial reversal | |
| |
| |
| |
The principle of alternate correspondence | |
| |
| |
| |
The relationship to the law: institution of a relationship of complete subordination of the sheep to the person who directs them | |
| |
| |
An individual and non-finalized relationship | |
| |
| |
Difference between Greek and Christian apatheia | |
| |
| |
| |
The relationship to the truth; the production of hidden truths | |
| |
| |
Pastoral teaching and spiritual direction | |
| |
| |
Conclusion: an absolutely new form of power that marks the appearance of specific modes of individualization | |
| |
| |
Its decisive importance for the history of the subject | |
| |
| |
| |
1 March 1978 | |
| |
| |
The notion of �ǣconduct.ï¿½Ç | |
| |
| |
The crisis of the pastorate | |
| |
| |
Revolts of conduct in the field of the pastorate | |
| |
| |
The shift of forms of resistance to the borders of political institutions in the modern age: examples of the army, secret societies, and medicine | |
| |
| |
Problem of vocabulary: �ǣRevolts of conduct,ï¿½Ç ï¿½Ç£insubordinationï¿½Ç ( insoumission ),ï¿½Ç ï¿½Ç£dissidence,ï¿½Ç and �ǣcounter-conduct.ï¿½Ç Pastoral counter-conducts | |
| |
| |
Historical reminder | |
| |
| |
| |
Asceticism | |
| |
| |
| |
Communities | |
| |
| |
| |
Mysticism | |
| |
| |
| |
Scripture | |
| |
| |
| |
Eschatological beliefs | |
| |
| |
Conclusion: what is at stake in the reference to the notion of �ǣpastoral powerï¿½Ç for an analysis of the modes of exercise of power in general | |
| |
| |
| |
8 March 1978 | |
| |
| |
From the pastoral of souls to the political government of men | |
| |
| |
General context of this transformation: the crisis of the pastorate and the insurrections of conduct in the sixteenth century | |
| |
| |
The Protestant Reformation and the Counter Reformation | |
| |
| |
Other factors | |
| |
| |
Two notable phenomena; the intensification of the religious pastorate and the increasing question of conduct, on both private and public levels | |
| |
| |
Governmental reason specific to the exercise of sovereignty | |
| |
| |
Comparison with Saint Thomas | |
| |
| |
Break-up of the cosmological-theological continuum | |
| |
| |
The question of the art of governing | |
| |
| |
Comment on the problem of intelligibility in history | |
| |
| |
Raison d�����tat ( 1 ): newness and object of scandal | |
| |
| |
Three focal points of the polemical debate around raison d�����tat: Machiavelli, �ǣpoliticsï¿½Ç ( la �ǣpolitiqueï¿½Ç ), and the �ǣstate.ï¿½Ç | |
| |
| |
| |
15 March 1978 | |
| |
| |
Raison d�����tat ( II ): its definition and principal characteristics in the seventeenth century | |
| |
| |
The new model of historical temporality entailed by raison d�����tat | |
| |
| |
Specific features of raison d�����tat with regard to pastoral government | |
| |
| |
| |
The problem of salvation: the theory of coup d�����tat ( Naudé ). Necessity, violence, theatricality | |
| |
| |
| |
The problem of obedience. Bacon: the question of sedition. Differences between Bacon and Machiavelli | |
| |
| |
| |
The problem of truth: from the wisdom of the prince to knowledge of the state. Birth of statistics. The problem of the secret | |
| |
| |
The reflexive prism in which the problem of the state appeared | |
| |
| |
Presence-absence of �ǣpopulationï¿½Ç in this new problematic | |
| |
| |
| |
22 March 1978Raison d�����tat ( III ) | |
| |
| |
The state as principle of intelligibility and as objective | |
| |
| |
The functioning of this governmental reason | |
| |
| |
| |
In theoretical texts | |
| |
| |
The theory of the preservation of the state | |
| |
| |
| |
In political practice. Competition between states | |
| |
| |
The Treaty of Westphalia and the end of the Roman Empire | |
| |
| |
Force, a new element of political reason | |
| |
| |
Politics and the dynamic of forces | |
| |
| |
The first technological ensemble typical of this new art of government: the diplomatic-military system | |
| |
| |
Its objective: the search for a European balance | |
| |
| |
What is Europe? The idea of �ǣbalance.ï¿½Ç | |
| |
| |
Its instruments | |
| |
| |
| |
War | |
| |
| |
| |
Diplomacy | |
| |
| |
| |
The installation of a permanent military apparatus (dispositif) | |
| |
| |
| |
29 March 1978 | |
| |
| |
The second technological assemblage characteristic of the new art of government according to raison d�����tat: police. Traditional meanings of the word up to the sixteenth century. Its new sense in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: calculation and technique making possible the good sue of the state���s forces | |
| |
| |
The triple relationship between the system of European balance and police | |
| |
| |
Diversity of Italian, German, and French situations | |
| |
| |
Turquet de Mayerne, La Monarchie aristodémocratique | |
| |
| |
The control of human activity as constitutive element of the force of the state | |
| |
| |
Objects of police | |
| |
| |
| |
The number of citizens | |
| |
| |
| |
The necessities of life | |
| |
| |
| |
Health | |
| |
| |
| |
Occupations | |
| |
| |
| |
The coexistence and circulation of men | |
| |
| |
Police as the art of managing life and the well-being of populations | |
| |
| |
| |
5 April 1978 | |
| |
| |
Police ( continuation ) | |
| |
| |
Delamare | |
| |
| |
The town as site for the development of police. Police and urban regulation. Urbanization of the territory. Relationship between police and the mercantilist problematic | |
| |
| |
Emergence of the market town | |
| |
| |
Methods of police. Difference between police and justice. An essentially regulatory type of power. Regulation and discipline | |
| |
| |
Return to the problem of grain | |
| |
| |
Criticism of the police state on the basis of the problem of scarcity | |
| |
| |
The theses of the économistes | |
| |
| |
The transformations of raison d�����tat | |
| |
| |
| |
The naturalness of society | |
| |
| |
| |
New relationships between power and knowledge | |
| |
| |
| |
Taking charge of the population ( public hygiene, demography, etc. ) | |
| |
| |
| |
New forms of state intervention | |
| |
| |
| |
The status of liberty | |
| |
| |
Elements of the new art of government: economic practice, management of the population, law and respect for liberties, police with a repressive function | |
| |
| |
Different forms of counter-conduct relative to this governmentality | |
| |
| |
General conclusion | |
| |
| |
Course Summary | |
| |
| |
Course Context | |
| |
| |
Index of Names | |
| |
| |
Subject Index | |