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| Executive Summary | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Internet: Source of Promise, Source of Concern | |
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| A Critical Definitional Issue--What Is "Pornography"? | |
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| Other Types of Inappropriate Material and Experiences | |
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| A Broad Spectrum of Opinion and Views | |
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| Focus and Structure of This Report | |
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| Technology | |
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| An Orientation to Cyberspace and the Internet | |
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| Characteristics of Digital Information | |
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| The Nature of the Internet Medium and a Comparison to Other Media Types | |
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| Internet Access Devices | |
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| Connecting to the Internet | |
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| Identifying Devices on the Internet: The Role of Addressing | |
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| Functionality of the Internet | |
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| Cost and Economics of the Internet | |
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| A Global Internet | |
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| The Relative Newness of the Internet | |
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| Technologies of Information Retrieval | |
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| Technologies Related to Access Control and Policy Enforcement | |
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| Filtering Technologies | |
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| Technologies for Authentication and Age Verification | |
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| Encryption (and End-to-End Opacity) | |
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| Anonymizers | |
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| Location Verification | |
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| What the Future May Bring | |
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| The Adult Online Entertainment Industry | |
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| The Structure and Scale of the Online Adult Entertainment Industry | |
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| The Generation of Revenue | |
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| Practices Related to Minors | |
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| What the Future May Hold | |
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| The Structural Evolution of the Industry | |
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| Increased Regulation | |
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| Future Products and Services | |
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| Industry Structure, Product Differentiation, and Aggressive Promotion | |
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| Legal and Regulatory Issues | |
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| The First Amendment | |
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| First Principles | |
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| The First Amendment, Pornography, and Obscenity | |
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| The First Amendment and Protecting Children from Exposure to Sexually Explicit Material | |
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| The First Amendment Rights of Minors | |
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| The First Amendment and Child Pornography | |
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| The First Amendment in Public Libraries | |
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| The First Amendment in Public Schools | |
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| The First Amendment and the Commercial Advertising of Sexually Explicit Material | |
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| Relevant Statutes and Common Law | |
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| Federal Obscenity Statutes | |
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| Child Pornography Statutes | |
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| The Communications Decency Act | |
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| The Child Online Protection Act | |
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| The Children's Internet Protection Act | |
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| The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act | |
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| State Statutes | |
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| Regulatory Efforts | |
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| International Dimensions | |
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| Law Enforcement, Training, and Education | |
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| Children, Media, and Exposure to Sexually Explicit Material | |
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| Children and How They Use Media | |
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| Sexuality in Culture | |
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| The Role of Media in Providing Information on Sexuality to Youth | |
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| Dimensions of Exposure and Access to the Internet | |
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| Venues of Access | |
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| Sources and Channels of Exposure | |
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| Extent of Exposure | |
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| Internet Exposure to Sexually Explicit Material, Solicitations, and Harassment | |
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| Deliberate Search for Sexually Explicit Material | |
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| Inadvertent Exposure to or Intrusion of Sexually Explicit Material | |
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| Sexual Solicitations and Approaches | |
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| Harassment | |
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| The Research Base on the Impact of Exposure to Sexually Explicit Material: What Theory and Empirical Studies Offer | |
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| Theoretical Considerations | |
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| Empirical Work | |
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| Violence | |
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| Sexually Violent Material | |
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| Exposure to Non-violent Sexual Material | |
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| Caveats and Cautions | |
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| Factors Affecting the Impact on Minors of Exposure to Sexually Explicit Material | |
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| Impact | |
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| Minors | |
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| Gender | |
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| Special Needs | |
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| Exposure | |
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| The Type of Sexually Explicit Material | |
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| Beyond the Science: Perspectives on Impact and the Public Debate | |
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| Challenges to Parents | |
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| Speculations and Other Perspectives on Possible Impact | |
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| Rhetorical Concerns and Issues of Public Debate | |
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| Judgments in the Absence of a Reliable Research Base | |
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| Concluding Observations | |
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| Approaches to Protection From Inappropriate Material | |
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| The Identification of Inappropriate Material | |
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| In Principle | |
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| In Practice | |
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| Dimensions of "Protection" | |
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| The Time Line of Protective Actions | |
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| Differing Institutional Missions of Schools and Libraries | |
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| The Politics of Protection and Inappropriate Material--Who and When? | |
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| Techniques of Protection | |
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| Approaches to Protection | |
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| Legal and Regulatory Tools | |
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| Vigorous Prosecutions of Obscene Material | |
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| Civil Liability for Presenting Obscene Material on the Internet | |
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| Options for Dealing with Material That Is Obscene for Minors | |
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| Age Verification | |
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| Plain Brown Wrappers and Age Verification | |
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| Labeling of Material That Is Obscene for Minors | |
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| Prohibiting Spam That Is Obscene for Minors | |
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| Prohibiting the Practice of Mousetrapping to Web Sites Containing Material That Is Obscene for Minors | |
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| Enforcement of Record-Keeping Requirements | |
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| Streamlining the Process of Handling Violation | |
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| Self-Regulatory Approaches | |
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| General Observations | |
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| Social and Educational Strategies to Develop Personal and Community Responsibility | |
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| Foundations of Responsible Choice | |
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| Definition of a Social or Educational Strategy | |
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| Contextual Issues for Social and Educational Strategies | |
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| Parental Involvement and Supervision | |
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| Peer Assistance | |
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| Acceptable Use Policies | |
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| After-the-Fact Strategies | |
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| Education | |
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| Internet Safety Education | |
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| Information and Media Literacy | |
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| Collateral Issues | |
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| Compelling and Safe Content | |
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| Public Service Announcements and Media Campaigns | |
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| Findings and Observations About Social and Educational Strategies | |
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| A Perspective on Technology-Based Tools | |
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| Technology-Based Tools | |
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| Contextual Issues for Technology-Based Tools | |
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| The Questions to Be Asked of Each Tool | |
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| Technology-Based Tools for Users | |
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| Filtering and Content-Limited Access | |
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| What Is Filtering and Content-Limited Access? | |
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| How Well Does Filtering Work? | |
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| Who Decides What Is Inappropriate? | |
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| How Flexible and Usable Is the Product? | |
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| What Are the Costs of and the Infrastructure Required for Filtering? | |
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| What Does the Future Hold for Filtering? | |
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| What Are the Implications of Filtering Use? | |
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| Findings on Filters | |
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| Monitoring | |
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| What Is Monitoring? | |
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| How Well Does Monitoring Work? | |
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| Who Decides What Is Inappropriate? | |
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| How Flexible and Usable Are Products for Monitoring? | |
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| What Are the Costs and Infrastructure Required for Monitoring? | |
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| What Does the Future Hold for Monitoring? | |
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| What Are the Implications of Using Monitoring? | |
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| Findings on Monitoring | |
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| Tools for Controlling or Limiting "Spam" | |
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| What Are Technologies for Controlling Spam? | |
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| How Well Do Spam-Controlling Technologies Work? | |
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| Who Decides What Is Spam? | |
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| How Flexible and Usable Are Products for Controlling Spam? | |
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| What Are the Costs and Infrastructure Required for Using Spam-Control Products? | |
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| What Does the Future Hold for Spam-Controlling Systems? | |
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| What are the Implications of Using Spam-Controlling Systems? | |
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| Findings on Spam-Controlling Technologies | |
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| Instant Help | |
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| What Is Instant Help? | |
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| How Well Might Instant Help Work? | |
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| Who Decides What Is Inappropriate? | |
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| How Flexible and Usable Is Instant Help? | |
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| What Are the Costs and Infrastructure Required for Instant Help? | |
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| What Does the Future Hold for Instant Help? | |
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| What Are the Implications of Using Instant Help? | |
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| Findings on Instant Help | |
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| Technology-Based Tools Available to Non-End Users | |
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| A .xxx Top-Level Domain | |
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| What Is a .xxx Top-level Domain? | |
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| How Well Would a .xxx Top-Level Domain Work? | |
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| Who Decides What Material Should Be Confined to .xxx Web Sites? | |
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| How Flexible and Usable Are Schemes Based on a .xxx Top-Level Domain? | |
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| What Are the Costs and Infrastructure Required for a .xxx Top-Level Domain? | |
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| What Does the Future Hold for a .xxx Top-Level Domain? | |
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| What Are the Implications of Using a .xxx Top-Level Domain? | |
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| Findings on a .xxx Top-Level Domain | |
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| A .kids Top-Level Domain | |
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| What is a .kids Top-level Domain? | |
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| How Well Would a .kids Top-Level Domain Work? | |
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| Who Decides What Material Should Be Allowed in .kids Web Sites? | |
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| How Flexible and Usable Are Schemes Based on a .kids Top-Level Domain? | |
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| What Are the Costs and Infrastructure Required for a .kids Top-Level Domain? | |
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| What Does the Future Hold for a .kids Top-Level Domain? | |
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| What Are the Implications of Using a .kids Top-Level Domain? | |
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| Findings on a .kids Top-Level Domain | |
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| Age Verification Technologies | |
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| What Are Age Verification Technologies? | |
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| How Well Do Age Verification Technologies Work? | |
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| Who Decides What Is Inappropriate? | |
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| How Flexible and Usable Are Products for Verifying Age? | |
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| What Are the Costs and Infrastructure Required for Age Verification? | |
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| What Does the Future Hold for Age Verification Systems? | |
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| What Are the Implications of Using Age Verification Systems? | |
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| Findings on Age Verification Technologies | |
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| Tools for Protecting Intellectual Property | |
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| What Are Tools for Protecting Intellectual Property? | |
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| How Well Do Tools for Protecting Intellectual Property Work? | |
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| Who Decides What Is Inappropriate? | |
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| How Flexible and Usable Are Products for Protecting Intellectual Property? | |
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| What Are the Costs and Infrastructure Required for Protecting Intellectual Property? | |
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| What Does the Future Hold for Tools for Protecting Intellectual Property? | |
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| What Are the Implications of Tools for Protecting Intellectual Property? | |
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| Findings on Tools for Protecting Intellectual Property | |
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| Findings, Conclusions, and Future Needs | |
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| Framing the Issue | |
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| Social Dimensions | |
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| Developmental Dimensions | |
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| Legal Dimensions | |
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| Technical Dimensions | |
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| Economic Dimensions | |
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| On the Impact on Children of Exposure to Sexually Explicit Material and Experiences | |
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| On Approaches to Protection | |
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| Trade-offs and Complexity | |
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| Social and Educational Trade-offs | |
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| Technology Trade-offs | |
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| Public Policy Trade-offs | |
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| Take-Away Messages for Different Parties | |
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| Parents | |
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| Teachers and Librarians | |
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| Industry | |
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| Makers of Public Policy | |
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| Research Needs | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| Information-Gathering Sessions of the Committee | |
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| Glossary and Acronyms | |
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| Selected Technology Issues | |
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| Site Visit Synthesis | |
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| Biographies | |
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| Index | |