| |
| |
| Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Recovering Process-History | |
| |
| |
| |
| Seeing Objects as History | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Process-Recovery Problem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Process Directionality | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Fundamental Proposals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conforming to the Uni-Directionality Requirement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Atemporal-Temporal Duality | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Second System Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Uni-Directionality and the Second System Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Curvature and Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Symmetry in Complex Shape | |
| |
| |
| |
| Symmetry-Curvature Duality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Process Direction | |
| |
| |
| |
| From Curvature Extrema to History | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application | |
| |
| |
| |
| Partitioning into Asymmetry and Symmetry | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Asymmetry in Curvature Variation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Generality of Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transversality or Symmetry-Curvature Duality? | |
| |
| |
| |
| History from Non-Smooth Curves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Goodness | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Traces | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recovery from Several States | |
| |
| |
| |
| Internal Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Environmental Validity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trace Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Symmetry-to-Trace Conversion Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Externalization Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prototypes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intervening History | |
| |
| |
| |
| Continuations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bifurcations | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Complete Grammar | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Process Stratification of Shape-Space | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application of the Grammar | |
| |
| |
| |
| History Minimization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Two Asymmetries? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy and Causal Interactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy as Memory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shape and Energy | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Energy Correlates of External and Internal Inference | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inferring Temporal Order | |
| |
| |
| |
| Temporal Order in Inference from a Single Shape | |
| |
| |
| |
| Temporal Order in Intervening History | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Radical Computational Vision | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Standard Computational Vision | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radical Computational Vision | |
| |
| |
| |
| Layers of Memory | |
| |
| |
| |
| What is the Present Environment? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Three Crucial Layers of Asymmetry | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Radical Computational Vision Thesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shape-from-Shading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Image-Formation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Orientation and Brightness | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shading as Symmetry-Breaking | |
| |
| |
| |
| Further History from Shading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shape-from-Texture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Projective Asymmetrization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compression | |
| |
| |
| |
| Scaling | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Total Asymmetry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Texture and Uniformity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shape-from-Texture as the Recovery of Time | |
| |
| |
| |
| How Many Uniformity Assumptions? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Asymmetry in the Environmental Texture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Externalization of Texture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shape-from-Contour | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shape-from-Stereo | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interpolation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sources of Depth Data | |
| |
| |
| |
| "No News is Good News" | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy and Interpolation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Edges as Memory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noise as Memory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Five Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy Minimization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Externalization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shape-from-Motion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Two Motion Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Two-Dimensional Problem | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Three-Dimensional Problem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Representation Is Explanation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Representation-is-Explanation Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Well-Definedness Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Representational Machine Analogy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Two Machine Analogies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Comments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evidence from Contemporary Cognitive Science | |
| |
| |
| |
| Perception | |
| |
| |
| |
| Categorization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Language | |
| |
| |
| |
| Planning | |
| |
| |
| |
| What is the Future? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cognition and Symbols | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time Required to Construct Causal Explanations | |
| |
| |
| |
| How Machines Embody Causal Interactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Machines as History | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Construction of Temporality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Temporality from Atemporality | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Return to Perception | |
| |
| |
| |
| Temporal Construction as Program Construction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Programs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structured Programming | |
| |
| |
| |
| Three Basic Control Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modularization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nested Control | |
| |
| |
| |
| Replacing Selection by Repetition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Groups and Symmetry | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Symmetry Group of a Triangle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Four Basic Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Symmetry Group of a Square | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Symmetry Group of a Regular Planar Polygon | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cyclic Groups | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Reflection Group | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Continuous Rotation Group | |
| |
| |
| |
| Translations Along a Line | |
| |
| |
| |
| Translations in the Plane | |
| |
| |
| |
| Euclidean Motions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear Transformations | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Affine Group | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Domain-Independent Rules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Structure of Histories | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Internal History of a Square | |
| |
| |
| |
| Color Graphs and Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Processes as Cyclic Groups | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Group and the Program | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Internal History of a Side | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Two-Level History of a Square | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Trace Structure of Regular Polygons | |
| |
| |
| |
| The External History of a Square | |
| |
| |
| |
| Continuous Generators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mapping the Group and the Color Graph | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reference Frames | |
| |
| |
| |
| Full Nesting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nested Control and Memory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nesting as Transfer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theory of Grouping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Grouping: Evaluation Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Why the Ordering Stretches.Shears.Rotations | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Interaction Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preliminary Corroboration | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Backwards and Forwards Interaction Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Defining the Cartesian Reference Frame | |
| |
| |
| |
| The External History of the Cartesian Reference Frame | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Internal History of the Cartesian Reference Frame | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Psychological Nature of Cartesian Reference Frames | |
| |
| |
| |
| Imposing a Cartesian Frame | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Solution to the Square-Diamond Problem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alternative Subhistories Conforming to the Subhistory Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Solution to the Orientation-and-Form Problem | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Cartesian Frame Bundle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Motion Perception | |
| |
| |
| |
| Induced Motion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Successive Embeddings of Induced Motion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Johansson (1950) Motion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Generalized Cylinders | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Full Process Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Cylinder Scenario | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Boundary-Pushing Scenario | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Classical Local Symmetry Analyses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Blum's SAT | |
| |
| |
| |
| Brady's SLS | |
| |
| |
| |
| What is the Real Difference Between the SAT and SLS? | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Structure of Local Symmetry Analyses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Symmetry Analysis for Boundary-Pushing | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Inference of Indentation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Inference of Squashing | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Inference of Internal Resistance | |
| |
| |
| |
| PISA as Boundary-Pushing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functional Appropriateness of Symmetry Analyses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Physical Appropriateness of the Two Scenarios | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Linguistics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Current Concepts of Constituent Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Replacing Current Constituency Rules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reviewing Further Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transformations Are Based on the Asymmetry and Symmetry Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stratification of Movement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Two Types of Modification Rules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Atemporal or Temporal Interpretations of Generativity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functionalist Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Coding of Topic | |
| |
| |
| |
| Topic and Transformations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Functional Stratification of Transformations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Differences Between Topic-Comment Structure and Chomskian Constituency Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Comment Structure and Syntactic Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fitting Accumulation Rules Together with Movement Rules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Language as Memory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Language as Causal History | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Art | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Art-Works | |
| |
| |
| |
| Using the Extrema-Based Rules | |
| |
| |
| |
| Picasso's Woman Ironing | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Main Curvature Extrema | |
| |
| |
| |
| Meaning is History | |
| |
| |
| |
| Extraction of Further History from Picasso's Woman Ironing | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Bending Process in Woman Ironing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Picasso's Demoiselles d'Avignon | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Structure of Demoiselles d'Avignon | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Meaning of Demoiselles d'Avignon | |
| |
| |
| |
| Picasso's Still Life on a Pedestal Table | |
| |
| |
| |
| Raphael's Alba Madonna | |
| |
| |
| |
| Histories from the Straight Line | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Structure of the Alba Madonna | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Second and Third Art-Work Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Preference for Stimulus Complexity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complexity Level Hypothesis, Part 1: Optimal Complexity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complexity Level Hypothesis, Part 2: Insufficient Complexity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complexity Level Hypothesis, Part 2: Excessive Complexity | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Fundamental Aesthetic Principle | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aesthetics and Cognition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Political Prisoners | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Death | |
| |
| |
| |
| Politics and Death | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prisoners of an Emptied Present | |
| |
| |
| |
| Refugees | |
| |
| |
| |
| Political Prisoners | |
| |
| |
| |
| Slaves | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subjugators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Technology and History | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Symmetrizing Effects of Technology | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Symmetrizing Economy | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Expansion of the Symmetrizing Economy | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Homeless | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Glorification of the Standardized Individual | |
| |
| |
| |
| The History Ethic | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Purpose of this Book | |
| |
| |
| |
| Where is History? | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |