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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Background | |
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| Overview | |
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| Synopsis | |
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| Basic Processes | |
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| Basic Topics | |
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| Culture | |
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| Basic Processes | |
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| Concepts: Representing Social Knowledge | |
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| What Are Concepts? | |
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| Functions of Concepts | |
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| Classification | |
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| Inferring Additional Attributes | |
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| Guiding Attention and Interpretation | |
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| Communication | |
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| Reasoning | |
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| Activating Concepts | |
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| Stimulus Features | |
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| Salience | |
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| Priming | |
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| Chronic Accessibility | |
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| Goals | |
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| Structure of Concepts | |
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| Classical View | |
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| Critique of the Classical View | |
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| Probabilistic View | |
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| Support for the Probabilistic View | |
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| Prototypes or Exemplars? | |
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| Critique of the Probabilistic View | |
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| Concepts as Theory Based | |
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| Support for the Theory-Based View | |
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| Category Membership Overrides Similarity | |
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| Goal-Derived Categories | |
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| Expertise | |
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| Combined Concepts | |
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| Critique of the Theory-Based View | |
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| Interconcept Organization | |
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| Basic-Level Categories | |
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| Models of Representation | |
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| Associative Network Models | |
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| Parallel-Constraint-Satisfaction Models | |
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| Summary | |
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| Heuristics: Rules of Thumb for Reasoning | |
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| History of Probabilistic Reasoning | |
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| The Representativeness Heuristic | |
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| Ignoring Prior Probabilities of Outcomes (Base-Rates) | |
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| Consensus as Base-Rate | |
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| Stereotypes as Base-Rates | |
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| The Dilution Effect | |
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| Ignoring Sample Size | |
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| Misconceptions of Chance | |
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| Belief in the Hot Hand | |
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| Failure to Understand Regression | |
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| The Conjunction Fallacy | |
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| Statistical Heuristics | |
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| Factors That Influence The Choice of Heuristics | |
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| Knowledge about the Domain | |
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| Clarity of the Sample Space in the Domain | |
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| Experience with the Domain | |
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| Contextual Cues | |
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| Salience of Chance Factors | |
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| Assumptions about Communicative Intent | |
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| Predicting Single Events versus Long-Run Frequencies | |
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| Statistical Education | |
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| The Availability Heuristic | |
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| Ignoring Biases in Available Samples | |
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| Salience | |
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| Egocentric Biases | |
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| Ignoring Biases in Accessible Cognitions | |
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| One-Sided Questions | |
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| Ease or Difficulty of Recruiting Examples | |
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| Explanation | |
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| Perseverance of Refuted Beliefs | |
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| Imagination | |
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| Anchoring and Adjustment | |
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| Anchoring and Social Judgement | |
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| Can We Overcome Biases due to the Availability Heuristic and Anchoring? | |
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| Careful Thinking and Use of Heuristics | |
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| Summary | |
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| Determining What Is, What Was, and What Might Have Been: Hypothesis Testing, Covariation Detectio... | |
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| Hypothesis Testing | |
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| The Positive-Test Strategy | |
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| Hypothesis Confirmation in Evaluating Others | |
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| Biased Memory Search | |
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| Biased Evidence Seeking | |
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| Hypothesis Confirmation in Evaluating Oneself | |
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| Choosing versus Rejecting | |
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| Analyzing Reasons for Predictions | |
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| Covariation Detection | |
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| Assessing Covariations from 2 x 2 Tables | |
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| Illusory Correlations | |
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| Stereotype Formation through Illusory Correlation | |
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| Failure to Detect Actual Correlations | |
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| Accuracy in Covariation Detection | |
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| Explanation-Based Judgment | |
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| Story Models in jury Decision Making | |
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| Coherence of Explanations | |
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| Counterfactual Thinking | |
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| Event Normality | |
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| Closeness of the Counterfactual to the Actual Event | |
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| Exception versus Routine | |
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| Controllability | |
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| Action versus Inaction | |
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| Ease of Replicating Events Mentally | |
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| Functions of Counterfactual Thoughts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Memory: Reconstructing the Past | |
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| State of Mind When Encoding Events | |
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| Expectancies and Interpretation | |
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| Expectancies and Attention | |
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| Expectancy-Congruent Information | |
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| Expectancy-Incongruent Information | |
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| Goals | |
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| Event Significance | |
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| State of Mind When Retrieving Events | |
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| Expectancies and Retrieval | |
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| Theories about Stability and Change | |
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| Exaggerating the Consistency between the Past and the Present | |
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| Exaggerating the Difference between the Past and the Present | |
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| The Hindsight Bias | |
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| Goals | |
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| Mood | |
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| Mood-Congruent Memory | |
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| Mood-Dependent Memory | |
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| Source Memory | |
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| Distinguishing Reality from Imagination | |
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| Suggestion and False Memories | |
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| Monitoring External Sources | |
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| The Sleeper Effect | |
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| Summary | |
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| Hot Cognition: The Impact of Motivation and Affect on Judgment | |
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| Motivation | |
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| Directional Goals | |
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| Motivational versus Cognitive Accounts of Bias | |
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| Outcome Dependency | |
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| The Crucial Role of Arousal | |
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| Self-affirmation | |
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| Mechanism for Motivated Reasoning. | |
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| Revisiting the Motivation versus Cognition Debate | |
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| Normative Considerations | |
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| Accuracy Goals | |
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| Deliberative and Implemental Mindsets | |
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| Closure Goals | |
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| Affect | |
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| Mood-Congruent Judgment | |
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| Mood as a Source of Priming | |
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| Mood as Information | |
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| The Affect Infusion Model | |
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| Mood as a Determinant of Cognitive Strategies | |
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| Mood and Persuasion | |
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| Mood and Stereotyping | |
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| Summary | |
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| Automatic Processes: Judgment and Behavior without Awareness, Intention, Control, or Effort | |
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| Automatic versus Controlled Processes | |
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| Lack of Awareness | |
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| Failure of Introspection | |
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| Implicit Memory | |
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| Pitting Conscious Processes against Unconscious Ones | |
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| Becoming Famous over Night | |
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| Subliminal Perception | |
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| Mere Exposure | |
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| Individual Differences in Automatic Reactions | |
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| Efficiency | |
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| Scarce Time | |
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| Automatic Activation of Affect | |
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| Scarce Resources | |
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| Automatic and Controlled Processes in Attribution | |
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| Ironic Processes in Thought Control | |
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| Forming Automatic Reactions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Basic Topics | |
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| Stereotypes | |
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| What Are Stereotypes? | |
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| The Perceiver's Perspective | |
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| Stereotype Activation | |
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| Stereotypes Can Be Activated Automatically | |
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| Individual Differences in Automatic Stereotype Activation | |
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| Stereotype Activation Can Require Effort | |
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| Stereotype Activation Can Be Inhibited | |
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| Suppressed Stereotypes May Rebound | |
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| Stereotype Application | |
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| Stereotypes Color the Meaning of Information about a Person | |
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| Differing Interpretations | |
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| Shifting Standards | |
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| Using Stereotypes in the Presence of Individuating Information | |
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| Ambiguous versus Unambiguous Information | |
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| Trait Judgments versus Behavioral Predictions | |
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| Mental Capacity and Stereotype Application | |
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| Motivated Application and Inhibition of Stereotypes | |
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| Serial versus Parallel Processing of Stereotypes and Individuating Information | |
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| The Target's Perspective | |
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| Attributional Ambiguity | |
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| Stereotype Threat | |
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| Stereotype Maintenance and Change | |
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| The Contact Hypothesis | |
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| Subtyping Counterstereotypic Individuals | |
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| Summary | |
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| Knowledge about Others' Attitudes, Behavior, and Personality | |
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| Knowledge about the Prevalence and Distribution of Attributes in the Population | |
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| False Consensus | |
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| Pluralistic Ignorance | |
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| False Consensus versus Pluralistic Ignorance | |
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| Knowledge of Social Distributions | |
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| Knowledge About the Consistency of Traits | |
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| The Actual Consistency of Traits | |
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| Cross-situational Consistency Is Low | |
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| The Power of Aggregation | |
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| Accuracy from Thin Slices of Behavior | |
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| Beliefs about the Consistency of Traits | |
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| The Fundamental Attribution Error | |
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| Beliefs about Cross-situational Consistency of Behavior | |
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| Spontaneous Trait Inference | |
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| How Could We Be So Wrong? | |
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| Redefining Traits | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Self | |
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| Dimensions of Self-knowledge | |
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| Self-schemas | |
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| Processing Information about the Self | |
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| Processing Information about Others | |
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| The Working Self-concept | |
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| Self-esteem | |
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| Self-esteem and the Representation of Self-knowledge | |
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| Self-esteem and Self-serving Strategies | |
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| Organization of Self-knowledge | |
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| Self-complexity | |
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| Self-guides | |
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| Self-discrepancies and Emotional Vulnerability | |
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| Self-discrepancies and Interpersonal Thought and Tactics | |
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| Which Self-knowledge Do We Seek? | |
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| Self-enhancement | |
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| Self-verification | |
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| The Self in Relation to Others | |
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| Using the Self to Judge Others | |
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| Using Others to Judge the Self | |
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| The Self-evaluation Maintenance Model | |
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| The Impact of Role Models on the Self | |
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| Self-regulation | |
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| Self-regulation Is Adaptive | |
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| Self-regulation Is Effortful | |
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| Summary | |
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| A Cross-Cultural Perspective | |
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| Culture | |
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| East-West Differences | |
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| Independent and Interdependent Construals of the Self | |
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| The Independent Self | |
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| The Interdependent Self | |
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| The Structure and Contents of Self-Knowledge | |
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| Relative Richness of Self-representation | |
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| Global versus Contextualized Self-descriptions | |
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| Dispositional versus Situational Attributions | |
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| Choice and Dissonance | |
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| Self-enhancement versus Self-criticism | |
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| North-South Differences in the United State | |
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| Culture of Honor | |
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| Implications for Social Cognition | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |