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| List of Tables | |
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| List of Figures and Maps | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Phonetic Symbols and Conventions | |
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| Phonetic Symbols Chart | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What is Historical Linguistics About? | |
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| Kinds of Linguistic Changes: An English Example | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Sound Change | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Kinds of Sound Change | |
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| Non-phonemic (Allophonic) Changes | |
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| Phonemic Changes | |
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| Sporadic Changes | |
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| General Kinds of Sound Changes | |
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| Kinds of Common Sound Changes | |
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| Relative Chronology | |
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| Chain Shifts | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Borrowing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What is a Loanword? | |
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| Why do Languages Borrow from One Another? | |
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| How do Words get Borrowed? | |
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| How do we Identify Loanwords and Determine the Direction of Borrowing? | |
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| Loans as Clues to Linguistic Changes in the Past | |
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| What Can Be Borrowed? | |
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| Cultural Inferences | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Analogical Change | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Proportional Analogy | |
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| Analogical Levelling | |
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| Analogical Extension | |
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| The Relationship between Analogy and Sound Change | |
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| Analogical Models | |
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| Other Kinds of Analogy | |
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| Exercises | |
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| The Comparative Method and Linguistic Reconstruction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Comparative Method Up Close and Personal | |
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| A Case Study | |
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| Indo-European and the Regularity of Sound Change | |
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| Basic Assumptions of the Comparative Method | |
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| How Realistic are Reconstructed Proto-languages? | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Linguistic Classification | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The World's Language Families | |
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| Terminology | |
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| How to Draw Family Trees: Subgrouping | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Models of Linguistic Change | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Family-tree Model | |
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| The Challenge from Dialectology and the 'Wave Theory' | |
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| Dialectology (Linguistic Geography Dialect Geography) | |
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| A Framework for Investigating the Causes of Linguistic Change | |
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| Sociolinguistics and Language Change | |
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| The Issue of Lexical Diffusion | |
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| Internal Reconstruction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Internal Reconstruction Illustrated | |
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| Relative Chronology | |
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| The Limitations of Internal Reconstruction | |
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| Internal Reconstruction and the Comparative Method | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Semantic Change and Lexical Change | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Traditional Considerations | |
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| Attempts to Explain Semantic Change | |
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| Other Kinds of Lexical Change - New Words | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Morphological Change | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Change in Allomorphs | |
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| Boundary Changes | |
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| Change in Morpheme Order | |
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| Morphological Levelling | |
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| Morphological Loss | |
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| Suppletion | |
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| Morphological Change and Grammaticalization | |
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| Change from One Kind of Morpheme to Another | |
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| Exaptation | |
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| Morphological Conditioning | |
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| Directionality in Morphological Change | |
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| Typological Cycles and Directionality | |
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| One Form, One Meaning | |
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| Morphological Reconstruction | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Syntactic Change | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mechanisms of Syntactic Change | |
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| Generative Approaches | |
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| Grammaticalization | |
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| Syntactic Reconstruction | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Language Contact | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Areal Linguistics | |
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| Pidgins and Creoles | |
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| Mixed Languages | |
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| Endangered Languages and Linguistic Change | |
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| Explanation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Early Theories | |
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| Internal and External Causes | |
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| Interaction of Causal Factors | |
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| Explanation and Prediction | |
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| Myths and Misconceptions about Linguistic Change | |
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| Distant Genetic Relationship | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Lexical Comparison | |
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| Sound Correspondences | |
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| Grammatical Evidence | |
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| Borrowing | |
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| Semantic Constraints | |
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| Onomatopoeia | |
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| Nursery Forms | |
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| Short Forms and Unmatched Segments | |
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| Chance Similarities | |
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| Sound-Meaning Isomorphism | |
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| Only Linguistic Evidence | |
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| Erroneous Morphological Analysis | |
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| Non-cognates | |
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| Spurious Forms | |
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| Methodological Wrap-up | |
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| Some Examples of Long-range Proposals | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Writing and Philology: The Role of Written Records | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Writing and the History of Writing Systems | |
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| Philology | |
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| The Role of Writing | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Linguistic Prehistory | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Indo-European Linguistic Prehistory | |
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| The Methods of Linguistic Prehistory | |
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| Limitations and Cautions | |
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| Farming Language Dispersal Model | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Quantitative Approaches to Historical Linguistics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Glottochronology (Lexicostatistics) | |
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| Word Lists, Stability, and Replacement Rates | |
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| Other Recent Quantitative Approaches | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |
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| Language Index | |