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| Preface | |
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| Why Sensitometry? | |
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| Learning the Language | |
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| What the Numbers Mean | |
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| Arithmetic Series | |
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| Geometric Series | |
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| Stops | |
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| Logarithms: Numerical Shorthand | |
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| Graphs and Charts | |
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| Exercises | |
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| How to Read and Interpret Characteristic Curves | |
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| Some Terms Defined | |
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| The Anatomy of a Characteristic Curve | |
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| Film Image Formation | |
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| Curve Gradient Measurements: Gamma (y) | |
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| Average Gradient (G) | |
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| Contrast Index (CI) | |
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| Curve Gradient vs. Developing Time | |
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| Film Speeds | |
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| How Development Affects Film Speed | |
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| How Film Speeds Are Determined | |
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| Effective Film Speed (EFS) | |
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| The Paper Curve | |
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| Standards for Calibrating Paper Curves | |
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| The Useful Limits of the Paper Curve | |
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| Review: The Tone Reproduction Cycle | |
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| From Theory to Practice | |
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| Drawing Tools and Techniques | |
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| Analyzing the Paper Curve | |
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| Flare Compensation | |
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| Analyzing the Film Curve | |
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| Locating IDmin | |
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| Locating IDmax | |
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| Determining the Subject Range | |
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| Finding Effective Film Speeds | |
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| Preparing the Working Charts | |
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| The Densitometer Dilemma | |
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| How Densitometers Work | |
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| Adapting Your Spotmeter for Densitometry | |
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| Setting Up the Spotmeter/Densitometer | |
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| The Step Tablet | |
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| Testing Your Materials | |
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| Testing Paper: Preparation | |
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| The Callier Quotient | |
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| Contact-Printing Test Procedure | |
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| Calculating the Test Exposure Time | |
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| Projection Testing | |
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| Preparing the Step Tablet | |
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| Projection Test Procedure | |
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| Testing Film | |
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| Determining the Film Test Exposure | |
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| Developing the Test Films: Preparation | |
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| Tray Development of Sheet Film | |
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| Tube Development of Sheet Film | |
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| Testing Roll Film | |
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| Roll Film Test Exposure | |
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| Roll Film Development | |
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| Interpreting the Curves for Working Data | |
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| Drawing and Analyzing Paper Curves | |
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| Drawing Film Curves | |
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| Troubleshooting the Film Test | |
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| Calibrating Film Curves | |
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| Locating the Speed Points | |
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| Analyzing Film Curves | |
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| Review of Analysis Systems | |
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| Review of Zones and Stops | |
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| Extracting Zone System Data from the Curves | |
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| Extracting Incident System Data from the Curves | |
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| Alternative Data | |
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| Getting to Know Your Meter | |
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| Meter Types: Luminance and Illuminance | |
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| The Wide-Field Averaging Meter | |
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| The Spotmeter | |
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| The Standard Gray Card | |
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| The Incident Meter | |
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| Meter Calibration | |
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| Relating Light Readings to Camera Settings | |
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| Exposure/Development Control Systems | |
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| The Zone System | |
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| The Concept of Zones | |
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| Metering and Zone Placement | |
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| The N-Numbers | |
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| Traditional Test Methods | |
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| Using the Working Charts: An Example | |
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| An Alternative: The Incident Meter | |
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| Determining the SBR with an Incident Meter | |
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| Metering for the Incident System | |
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| Appraising Results Without a Densitometer | |
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| Common Mistakes | |
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| Incident Metering of Unusual Subjects | |
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| Creative Incident Metering | |
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| Image Gradation | |
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| The Systems Beyond | |
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| Visualization Aids | |
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| Computer-Assisted Photography | |
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| Computer Software: Plotter and Matcher | |
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| Fine Tuning | |
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| "Failure" of the Reciprocity Law | |
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| Testing for Reciprocity Effects | |
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| Testing for Flare | |
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| Compensating Your Film Curves for Flare | |
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| Film Development Variations | |
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| Water-Bath Development | |
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| Divided Development | |
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| Altering Paper Contrast: Preexposure | |
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| Paper Development Variations | |
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| Post-Treatment of Prints | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Useful Equations | |
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| Lens Formulas: f-numbers | |
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| Lens Field Coverage Calculations | |
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| G, SBR, N Conversions | |
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| Depth-of-Field Calculations | |
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| Densitometer Design and Construction | |
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| Film Developing Tube | |
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| Practice Materials | |
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| The PowerDial | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Answers to Chapter 2 Exercises | |
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| Index | |